Wednesday, November 27, 2019

10 Cool Facts About Lithium

10 Cool Facts About Lithium Here are some facts about lithium, which is element atomic number 3 on the periodic table. Lithium is the third element in the periodic table, with 3 protons and the element symbol Li.  It has an atomic mass of 6.941.  Natural lithium is a mixture of two stable isotopes (Lithium-6 and Lithium-7).  Lithium-7 accounts for over 92% of the natural abundance of the element.Lithium is an alkali metal.  It is silver-white in pure form and so soft it can be cut with a butter knife.  It has one of the lowest melting points and a high boiling point for a metal.Lithium metal burns white, though it imparts a crimson color to a flame.  This is the characteristic that led to its discovery as an element.  In the 1790s, it was known that the mineral petalite  (LiAISi4O10)  burned crimson in a fire. By 1817, the Swedish chemist  Johan August Arfvedson had determined the mineral contained an unknown element responsible for the colored flame. Arfvedson named the element, although he was unable to purify it as a pure metal. It wasnt until 1855 that British chemist  Augus tus Matthiessen and German chemist Robert Bunsen finally managed to purify lithium from lithium chloride. Lithium does not occur free in nature, though it is found in nearly all igneous rocks and in mineral springs.  It was one of three elements produced by the Big Bang, along with hydrogen and helium. However, the pure element is so reactive its only found naturally bonded to other elements to form compounds.  The natural abundance of the element in the Earths crust is about 0.0007%. One of the mysteries surrounding lithium is that the amount of lithium believed to have been produced by the Big Bang is about three times higher than what scientists see in the oldest stars.  In the Solar System, lithium is much less common than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements, probably because the atomic nucleus of lithium is practically unstable, with two stable isotopes possessing extremely low binding energies per nucleon.Pure lithium metal is extremely corrosive and requires special handling.  Because it reacts with air and water, the metal is stored under oil or enclosed in an inert atmo sphere. When lithium catches fire, the reaction with oxygen makes it difficult to extinguish the flames. Lithium is the lightest metal  and the least dense solid element, with a density about half that of water. In other words, if lithium did not react with water (which it does, somewhat vigorously), it would float.Among other uses, lithium is used in medicine, as a heat transfer agent, for making alloys, and for batteries. Although lithium compounds are known to stabilize mood, scientists still dont know the exact mechanism for the effect on the nervous system. What is known is that reduces activity of the receptor for the neurotransmitter dopamine and that it can cross the placenta to affect an unborn child.The transmutation of lithium to tritium was the first man-made nuclear fusion reaction.The name for lithium comes from Greek lithos which means stone. Lithium occurs in most igneous rocks, although it does not occur free in nature.Lithium metal is made by electrolysis of fused lithium chloride.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

buy custom Lung Cancer essay

buy custom Lung Cancer essay Lung cancer, like all other cancers, arises when there is an abnormality in body cells. When one suffers from cancer, new cells are produced even when they not required by the body, leading to formation of a large mass of cells known as tumor. Cancer tumors can either be malignant or benign. The term cancer is used to refer to tumors that are malignant. Benign tumors are easy to remove and cannot spread to different parts of the body. On the other hand, malignant tumors grow very aggressively, can enter into both lymphatic and circulatory systems and they invade other tissues within the body. The process of this spread is known as metastasis and the areas where these tumors develop are known as metastases. Once lung cancer forms, it tends to metastasize very early. This makes it a life-threatening form of cancer and one that is very difficult to treat. Although lng cancer can spread to any part of the body, the areas that are most commonly affected my metastases include liver, adrenal glands, brain and bone tissue. Lung cancers can attack any part of the lung. However, 95 % of all lung cancers are commonly thought to affect epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are found in the lining of bronchi and bronchioles (Ihde, 1997). This is the main reason why lung cancers are often referred to as bronchogenic carcinomas or bronchogenic cancers. Sometimes lung cancers may affect the pleura and rarely the supporting tissues of the lung such as blood vessels. Lung cancer is the greatest cause of death due to cancer all over the world. In December 2008, the American Cancer Societys estimated that 219,440 new lung cancer cases were going to be diagnosed and that 159,390 lung cancer-related deaths were going to occur in 2009. The U.S Nationnal Cancer Institute approximates that one in every 14 Americans will suffer from lung cancer at one point in their lifetime. Lung cancer mostly affects elderly people; about 70% of all people diagnosed with the disease are above 65 years old while less than 3% of all cancer cases are reported among people who are below 45 years of age (Jemal, 2005). Doll Hill (1956), report that lung cancer was not very common before the 1930s. However, in the decades that followed, the disease became more prevalent as more people started smoking tobacco. In many developing countries, incidents of lung cancer have begun to reduce as a result of public education programs on the dangers of smoking. Nevertheless, lung cancer remains the most commonly occurring type of cancer the world over. In the U.S, this type of cancer has even surpassed breast cancer among women as the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Buy custom Lung Cancer essay

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Utopia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Utopia - Essay Example Sargent starts by pointing at the need for utopia for individuals in the society. But the utopia Sargent envisages is not that which presents a perfect state as this is impossible in the contemporary world. Instead, he describes utopia to be situations that strive to better humanity and give hope to individuals. The critical thing in her redefinition is not the perfect states but a better state, which sees the betterment of all situations and circumstances. A good life gives hope to those leading it and provides quality for human life, it is so critical because when people lose hope they lose their worthiness of life. In these situations humanity stares at extinction as a hopeless generation has no future. Sargent stresses that utopia is not at fault but what is at fault is the notion that there only exists one type of utopia. This is because there exists three segments of utopia that are the design or theory, the utopian movement and the utopian studies (Sargent 11-17). Sargent poin ts at the need for humanity to sustain hope; hope is the gateway to a better life and a wonderful future. Sargent points out that the link between a successful life and a life of despair is the ability of humanity to cling to hope. If one ever loses this vital component then they lose their sight on a bright future, which would definitely lead to betterment of life. According to Sargent utopia is the mother of humanitarian movements, these seek to ensure a better society by facing off with retrogressive groupings or practices in the society. Another example of a believer in utopia is John W. Friesen and Virginia Agnes Lyons Friesen who detail existence of several different utopian societies. Through their book The Palgrave Companion to North American Utopias, the two authors assert that every human being in the past and in the current aspires to live in a utopian society. The illustration of this statement is given by citing a number of utopian North America societies. They go furth er to point that achieving a utopia society is possible at least to the extent of Sargents definition, the way to achieve such a society is well detailed in their book (Friesen & Friesen). Defining Utopia brings more problems than it solves, as people have different conceptions on what it is and how it can be defined. Some of the definitions that have been forwarded define utopia as a creation of the mind where people and systems act and operate efficiently. In trying to define utopia other related terms come into the limelight such as dystopia and anti utopia. Dystopia is the extreme opposite of utopia and represents a situation where all things and people are messy. However, Sargent holds that utopia is not an extreme condition of goodness but a more realistic situation of a better society or situations. Situations that give people a chance to better their lives and embrace change which is beneficial to them. The ability to better lives and embrace change is the drive behind socia l movements which share in the dream of a utopian community. These movements seek to help people embrace change and motivate them to better their lives by remaining hopeful. This also explains why these movements seek to be all inclusive, because they hold that unification is not a divided calling but an inclusive call which seeks to integrate humanity in entirety. Dystopia also becomes an integral situation in defining a utopian state as dystopia represents a situ

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Ch 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ch 3 - Essay Example The operating system can be categorized into three kinds, namely desktop operating system, network operating system and embedded operating system. Interestingly, Disk Operating System (DOS) is considered to be the first operating system which was used in IBM compatible desktop computers in 1980s. The primarily used computers were mainly utilized for teaching programming with the use of language called BASIC. The early computer programs were written in code. However, in later stages, a compiler and an interpreter were used that converted the source code into machine language that could be comprehended by the Central Processing Unit (CPU). In the year 1980, students were able to write programs and store them upon inexpensive tapes. The tapes were similar to those used for recording devices. This type of storage was called as sequential storage device as the data had to be stored and accessed in sequence. Later, such storage was also called as the secondary or permanent storage. At pres ent, there exists various types of operating systems; however, it can be broadly classified into two groups which are open-source operating systems and proprietary operating systems. As the name suggests, proprietary operating systems are primarily possessed by a corporation and such OS are controlled by the individual or the corporation itself. On the contrary, open-source operating systems allow everyone to change the source code and thereby the OS. For instance, LINUX is considered to be an open-source operating system. In 1980s, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was created. Accordingly, ASCII uses 8 bit code that could have 2 to 8 power possible bits. These orderings could represent 256 different characters. The most popular word processors used in mid 80s, prior to the development of WINDOWS was WORDPERFECT. WORDPERFECT was written on DOS based operating system but it was extremely slow to move in WINDOWS system, as a result of this the word proces sor popularity reduced over a period of time. In fact, WORDPERFECT was made compatible with LINUX version but it could not compete with the open-source word processors. There are many software programs which are built to perform specific tasks while certain software are built for general purposes, i.e. programs that have a few specific capabilities, but these software programs are not meant to perform any specific purpose. For instance, spreadsheets can be utilized for keeping monthly records of an individual’s income as well as it can be used to determine or calculate the marks of students obtained in an examination. 2. A. Netcraft.com Netcraft is an internet service providing company. It is located in Bath, England. The company obtains its revenue from the internet security services that it provides along with research and analysis of various aspects of the internet and by advertisements that it accepts to publish on the Netcraft website (Net Craft Ltd., â€Å"About Netcra ft†) According to a survey conducted by Netcraft on web server, there was a decrease of 8M sites since last month i.e. August 2012.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Viruses & Cells Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viruses & Cells Comparison - Essay Example They are classified differently because of the inherent structural and functional differences. Unlike living cells which can reproduce on their own, viruses have to rely on other cells for them to reproduce. Viruses lack other cells parts like the plasma membrane, ribosomes, and the cytoplasm. They, therefore, infest a living host and use its cells to reproduce. Secondly, living cells are self-sustaining while the viruses are not. Living cells are able to survive on their own because they have all the required structures and proteins which allow them to carry out life-sustaining processes and functions. Viruses, on the other hand, have to rely on a host cell or organism. The third difference is that living cells can synthesize proteins while viruses cannot. Cells have ribosomes and can easily synthesize proteins on their own. Viruses lack these ribosomes and have to rely on the host cells to be able to translate its messenger RNA into the viral proteins. According to Grifo and Tahara , viruses do not have the ability to generate and store energy in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as in the case with living cells. They derive their energy and all other metabolic functions from the host living cells. They do this by using basic building materials like Amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides from the host organism. Finally, viruses cannot respond to stimuli as it is the case of the living cells. Viruses are inert chemicals which cannot perform critical life functions or even responding to stimuli.

Friday, November 15, 2019

‘Animal Farm’ Shelley’s ‘The Mask of Anarchy

‘Animal Farm’ Shelley’s ‘The Mask of Anarchy How is the theme of Oppression represented across the three texts studied? Oppression is a theme at the centre of George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ and Percy Shelley’s ‘The Mask of Anarchy’. The unjust and cruel treatment of unsuspecting masses by figures of authority is clearly identified as a problem in society for both authors. The theme of oppression presents itself through character representations, emotive language and the concept of inertia. Within Jean Genet’s ‘The Balcony’ these issues are also apparent helping to reveal the need for reform and revolution. Throughout all three texts, the theme of oppression is expressed through the break down in law and order, causing devastation and the subsequent oppression of the proletarian masses. The Russian Revolution parallels Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’ through many aspects. The fable, written in 1945, is seen to be based on his opinion of events during the revolution such as the removal of the Tsar, the Russian dictatorship and the economic and social hardship that the proletarians had to endure. It’s important to understand Orwell’s contextual influences as this forms the basis of his novel. Chapter one commences with Mr Jones who â€Å"was too drunk to shut the pop-holes† to the hen-houses. This initial introduction to his character reveals his apathy towards his farm. By using â€Å"drunk† it infers that Mr Jones can’t live up to his responsibilities and consequently is drowning his sorrows by intoxicating himself in order to forget about his situation. Contextually, this drunkenness can be seen as Orwell’s parallel with the Tsar and his treatment of the Russian proletarians. Before his removal from power in 1917 the Tsar was unable to successfully rule and consequently this affected the citizens as they didn’t receive the basic resources that any person needs to survive. Undoubtedly, Orwell wanted to show this disregard for responsibility through Mr Jones as he was the owner of the farm and held the same responsibilities for his animals as the Tsar did for his people. One of the main grievances of society in Russia was his approach to the farming economy. He failed to upgrade the out of date farming system which allowed the peasants to be controlled by the rich land owners. Freedom of speech within Russia was highly restricted and during 1916 a raise in taxes caused the people to become desolate and poor. This mirrors the situation of the animals on the farm as without food the animals would struggle to survive demonstrating Orwell’s disgust at how the Tsar oppressed his people. Similar to Orwell’s animosity at the events that occurred in Russia, Percy Shelley mirrors the outrage of the English people in response to the Peterloo Massacre during 1819. Many innocent victims were murdered for protesting for a reform of parliamentary representations and Shelley demonstrates this injustice in his poem ‘The Mask of Anarchy’. The first stanza opens with â€Å"As I lay asleep in Italy there came a voice from over sea† informing him about the massacre. With the events taking place in Manchester and the Narrator speaking from Italy, it reveals how enraged Shelley felt about the event. It is significant that the â€Å"voice† reached him in Italy as it confirms the extent of public outcry with the news of a massacre reaching across the world. The injustice of these people remains the featured tone throughout the poem and their oppression becomes the main focus for a reader. Old major is used by Orwell to demonstrate the need for change and revolution due to oppression. Contextually this character can be seen as a parallel to the Communist Marxist, Karl Marx. Communism is the ideology that everyone should work for the good of the country and in turn profit equally from their hard labour. In retaliation to Mr Jones’ mistreatment of his animals Old Major decides to promote a revolution and overthrow their oppressor. He tells the animals that their â€Å"lives are miserable, laborious and short’. The rule of three is deliberately used by Orwell in order to convey the extent of their oppression. These emotive words are not what we would usually associate with life. â€Å"Miserable† suggesting that the animals are fed up and tired of life under Mr Jones because when someone’s miserable they have become tiresome of demoralising events or actions. â€Å"Laborious† infers that the work they do for the farm is not enjoyable any more and they aren’t reaping the rewards of their hard work. Their lives are then deemed to be â€Å"short† which implies that they are over worked and will not live to their full life expectancy due to the terrible conditions they are forced to endure. Evidently, Old Major is an advocate for change and he symbolises a better life for the oppressed masses. John Molyneux suggests that Orwell offers â€Å"a sympathetic investigation into the lives of the poor and the poorest† within Russia. On the face of it, it appears that Orwell was sympathetic but was it merely because he feared for the destruction of Socialism and the rise in a Totalitarian society or that he genuinely ‘sympathised’ with the oppressed Russians? Orwell does allow us to be sympathetic towards the animals on the farm through showing their desolate conditions. He determines that as readers we are aware that they are â€Å"unfed†, contextually referring to the famine in Russia, again this adds to the sympathy that is created as the reality of the situation becomes real for a reader. However, the politically motivated background of ‘Animal Farm’ leaves John Molyneux’s interpretation to question. The use of character representations, paralleling the figures of authority in Russia, infers that Orwell was more concerned about cr eating a cynical view of the rulers in Russia rather than a one sided â€Å"sympathetic investigation† into the poor Russians lives. Nevertheless the oppression of the proletarians is never questionable. The hardship identified by Orwell and his critics verifies his intention in demonstrating oppression at the centre of a Totalitarian society. Similar to the sympathy evoked by Orwell this technique is used in ‘The Balcony’ by Jean Genet to create oppression for the prostitutes. The play was set in France in an unmade city during the 1950’s exploring the life of prostitutes in a brothel where men could explore their sexual fantasies and vent their frustration at the development of the revolution. Emotive language is used by Genet in order to portray the oppression they encounter from authoritative figures. In Scene One, the Bishop uses derogatory language in association with Irma’s position as a prostitute. He declares that she is a â€Å"slut†, a â€Å"bitch†, a â€Å"trollop† and a â€Å"tramp† all of which categorise Irma as a typical prostitute. By making Irma aware of her status as a prostitute it degrades her and makes her feel worthless. â€Å"This desire for status lies at the plays core† suggests Madeleine M.Schwartz. This statement is conceivable as the desire for status causes the clients of the brothel to pretend to be figures of authority. The need for power and feelings of worthlessness were common in brothels in the 1950’s as prostitutes were mainly lower class women similar to Irma who felt dejected by their positions and wanted it to change. As a result, characters such as the Bishop could manipulate these insecurities and oppress people who they believe are lesser than they are as it increases their importance and status. The idea presented by Schwartz is relatable to Animal Farm; characters such as the Bishop and Old Major are aware of their authority over the masses and use this to their advantage. The difference between these two texts is that in ‘The Balcony’ the brothel presents an illusion of power and authority whereas in Animal Farm these themes are reality for the animals. The prostitutes even though this is their job, have a choice whether they stay in the situation of being degraded by their clients in their house of illusions. However, there is no escaping the oppression for the animals. Carmen, a prostitute in The Balcony, declares that â€Å"this world of illusions oppresses me†, the concept of an ‘illusion’ suggesting that she is engrossed in a world where deception is the cause of her oppression but she has the choice to leave. In contrast to this the animals of the farm aren’t under an illusion of power. Even Old Major is oppressed, by referring to him as â€Å"old† infers that he is slow and weak showing that he is susceptible to the cruelties around him. Even though he is seen as higher to the animals he inevitably would suffer from the corruption under Mr Jones. Contextually Orwell could be taking a direct attack at Communism by accusing the system of being â€Å"old† and outdated suggesting that Communism oppresses all of its followers. The character of ‘Anarchy’ represents Shelley’s interpretation of the corruption and failings of the government under George III. The definition of Anarchy is ‘a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems’ this is an indication to the corruption of the government during the 1800’s and it indicates the harsh and oppressive qualities of the character ‘Anarchy’. Similarly to Shelley, Orwell uses characteristics in order to emphasise their intent at oppressing their victims. Squealer at one point in the novel â€Å"looked very sly†, he is Orwell’s symbolism of the Propaganda used in Russia during the dictatorship, by giving him a â€Å"sly† personality it infers that he cannot be trusted and will manipulate the other animals in order to obtain control. This reveals Orwell’s opinions on Russian Propaganda as he believed that it was used to control the populat ion by false or exaggerative information. Similarly to Orwell, Shelley implies that as a result of parliamentary corruption society became manipulated through the confusion brought about by the ‘Anarchy’ that swept through the country. Both authors use analogies and characteristics as a way of communicating the experiences of the oppressed masses in different socities. The use of contextual experiences by George Orwell is also a literary device used by Percy Shelley within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’. He uses the experiences of the people in England during the early 19th century to demonstrate their oppression and his anger towards the massacre. Similar to the animals on the farm the people of England are being oppressed by figures of authority and are being denied their freedom of speech. Within the poem Shelley uses the mystical characterisation of an Image which arose like â€Å"a light†. By using â€Å"light† to symbolise the Image, Shelley could be inferring that the idea of a peaceful rebellion is the way forward for England and the end of oppression. Light throughout history has always been of comfort to people as it allows them to see what is going on around them. In order to make them realise their oppression Shelley’s use of the personified ‘Image’ as a way of helping the proletarians rise against their oppressors and take part in a peaceful rebellion. She states that â€Å"slavery† has â€Å"grown to an echo† of their own names; therefore, by comparing Englishmen to slaves it suggests that they don’t have any basic human rights. A slave holds no power, political influence or any control over their own lives. This symbolism reveals the extent of their oppression as a typical English citizen in the 19th century should have freedom of speech. Therefore Shelley is implying that by taking away a person’s freedom of expression and right to protest they might as well be slaves. However, the use of â€Å"grown† to demonstrate how they became symbolic of a slave creates the impression that they hadn’t always been this way and the ‘Image’ is there to help guide them in the right direction. The gradual exploitation by authoritative figures led to the decline in their own collective power as a society. The ‘Image’ howev er opens up opportunity for the people of England to realise their oppression and do something about it instead of standing by whilst they are oppressed. Accordingly this leads to the concept of Inertia and implies that the people of England are in this situation due to the oppression inflicted upon them by the rich. This theme materialises due to the oppression that the masses endure which creates another dimension to the problems throughout society. The basis of inertia relates to ‘a tendency to nothing or to remain unchanged’ linking directly to the consequences of being oppressed which is relatable across the three texts. By ignoring their situations the victims allow oppressive authority figures to control their lives. A lack of enthusiasm and self-worth remains at the core of why they refuse to acknowledge the need to rebel and rise up against the people who oppress them. In ‘Animal Farm’ Orwell uses Boxer as a symbol for the proletariat in Russia. He can be seen as an exploited hard worker on the farm who continuously declares that â€Å"Napoleon is always right†. Orwell uses this symbolism to reveal the unintelligence of the workers and their incapacity to have their own views leading uncontrollably to their oppression. Shelley within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ supports this and uses the symbolism of the ‘Image’ and its encouragement to try motivating the proletarians b y declaring that â€Å"to hold no strong control over your own wills† is to be free from oppression. It’s evident that Shelley and Orwell recognise this inability to have freedom of speech without the need to stay within the constraints of their society. By not being able to have their own opinion the oppressed masses become anxious of rebelling and speaking out. When they are finally given a platform to improve their lives they feel unable to change it for themselves. This can be seen in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ when the masses are told to â€Å"Rise like lions after slumber† in an effort to motivate them. By using the imagery of a sleepy lion awaking from slumber Shelley creates the impression that the Englishmen are slow to react to changes around them perhaps as a result of a build-up from fear of repercussions. Again, Orwell presents this installation of fear by authoritative figures through the imagery of the dogs. The animals on the farm were â €Å"silent and terrified† after the dogs chased Snowball away. The brutality of these dogs is used to control the animals in every aspect of their lives. The dogs can be seen as Orwell’s symbolism of Stalin’s secret police, who like the dogs, installed fear into the proletariats making it difficult for them to speak out against their corrupted leader. Both Shelley and Orwell recognise this as a social defect that needed to be reformed either by motivation from other sources or by education. Evidently, a lack of education becomes a tool of oppression in each of the texts. The pigs within ‘Animal Farm’, the personified politicians in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ and the clients within ‘The Balcony’ all use their victim’s lack of education to their own advantages in order to establish their authority and create a divide between the rich and the poor. In ‘Animal Farm’ the gradual changes in the seven commandments demonstrate the pig’s ability to manipulate the other animals. Napoleon takes advantage of the animal’s illiteracy and adds small changes to the commandments in order to accommodate his hypocritical flaws. â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol† was a rule created during the earlier part of Napoleons rule but had subsequently changed to â€Å"No animal shall drink alcohol to excess†. The animals noticed the change but instead of questioning it they simply declared that they had â€Å"reme mbered wrong†. Within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ Shelley reinforces the need for education by using the symbolism of the Image that appeared to define freedom. She states that â€Å"Science, Poetry and Thought are thy lamps†. By referring to education as a â€Å"lamp† Shelley is inferring that education allows you to become aware of your surroundings, when you switch on a light things become clearer. Unlike the animals of the farm, the English people are given the tools they need to rebel and become aware of their situation. This is realised by Irma in ‘The Balcony’ as she reveals â€Å"modestly† that she has an education. This modesty displays a sense of pride that she, despite her occupation as a prostitute, has the ability to understand the situation of the revolution around her. Undoubtedly, education provides the masses with the ability to better them-selves and as a result it’s clear why oppressors want to prohibit this an d remain in control. Again, character representation is critical as it links directly to the contextual influences of each text. Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer the pigs within ‘Animal Farm’ can be seen as a representation of Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin and the personification of Propaganda. Napoleon and Snowball were the leaders of the Communist Revolution in Russia. Castlereagh, Eldon and Anarchy within ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ represent the corrupted politicians in England at the time of the Massacre and the clients within ‘The Balcony’ take on the roles of figures of authority such as the General, the Judge and the Bishop in order to show their desire in having power giving them the chance to be the oppressors instead of being oppressed. Each of these characters tries to prevent the proletarian masses from receiving too much power as it would threaten their positions. As a result, characters such as Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer took precautions. After the remova l of Mr Jones they apparently disposed of everything seen as â€Å"the mark of human beings† onto the rubbish heap. However, we later learn that the pigs â€Å"had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book† which belonged to Mr Jones. This gives the pigs an advantage over the other animals who couldn’t read as they would be able to manipulate and oppress them as a result of their difference in intelligence. Again in ‘The Mask of Anarchy’ Shelley, within stanza 19, Shelley states that Anarchy â€Å"bowed and grinned to everyone, As well as if his education had cost him ten millions to the nation†. This infers that due to Anarchy’s apparent high level of education the action of him ‘bowing’ becomes significant. He cleverly allows the Englishmen to think that they are in control as by ‘bowing’ to them it indicates some level of respect and unity. As a reader we know that this is not the case a s he â€Å"grinned† indicating that he only â€Å"bowed† in order to gain the trust of the people. Without realising it, the animals and the English proletarians have allowed themselves to be oppressed. They have wrongly given trust to manipulative figures who intend to use it for their own selfish gain and have ironically heightened their oppression. Oppression is a theme identified by Orwell, Shelley and Genet as a fundamental issue within society and it is successfully presented through their text using effective literary devices. The use of contextual experiences from their time demonstrates their frustration at the inert attitudes of the masses. The inability to fight against their oppressors and the immense authority they gain from this is recognisable in each text as a method of control. It is clear that the need to reform and revolutionise society is ironically prevented by the proletarian’s lack of education and this situation all the more enhances their inescapable oppression. 3,220 words

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Walter Lees Dreams in A Raisin in The Sun Essay -- Lorraine Hansberry

Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun is a play about segregation, triumph, and coping with personal tragedy. Set in Southside Chicago, A Raisin in the Sun focuses on the individual dreams of the Younger family and their personal achievement. The Younger's are an African American family besieged by poverty, personal desires, and the ultimate struggle against the hateful ugliness of racism. Lena Younger, Mama, is the protagonist of the story and the eldest Younger. She dreams of many freedoms, freedom to garden, freedom to raise a societal-viewed equal family, and freedom to live liberated of segregation. Next in succession is Beneatha Younger, Mama's daughter, assimilationist, and one who dreams of aiding people by breaking down barriers to become an African American female doctor. Lastly, is Walter Lee Younger, son of Mama and husband of Ruth. Walter dreams of economic prosperity and desires to become a flourishing businessman. Over the course of Walter's life many things contrib uted to his desire to become a businessman. First and foremost, Walter's father had a philosophy that no man should have to do labor for another man. Being that Walter Lee was a chauffeur, Big Walter?s philosophy is completely contradicted. Also, in Walter?s past, he had the opportunity to go into the Laundromat business which he chose against. In the long run, he saw this choice was fiscally irresponsible this choice was. In Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun, Walter Lee's dreams, which are his sole focus, lead to impaired judgement and a means to mend his shattered life. Initially, Walter?s sole focus on his dreams lead to impaired judgment. One way Walter portrays his impaired judgment is when he makes assorted empty promises. In the Yo... ...se. Still Walter will face many more roadblocks, but perhaps his shattered life may begin to repair itself, even without financial security. Evidently, Walter Lee?s judgment becomes significantly impaired and all because of his dreams. In the world today, people still struggle with the same problems and desire the same things Walter does. Success is a seemingly huge necessity. In the course of ones life, each person is destined to face personal conflicts and contradictions. These problems, with the ability to overcome them is truly how to achieve greatness. As Mr. Langston Hughes questions so powerfully in his poem, ?What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun With the help of Walter Lee Younger, the answer becomes evident. Dreams never dry up? they just change. Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. New York: Signet, 2008.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 13

Much later that night, Elena couldn't sleep. She didn't want to be hemmed in inside the Tall Room, she said. Secretly, Stefan worried that she wanted to go outside and track the malach that had attacked the car. But he didn't think she was able to lie, now, and she kept bumping against the shut window, chiming to him that she just wanted air. Outside air. â€Å"We should put some clothes on you.† But Elena was bewildered – and stubborn.It's Night†¦. This is my Night Gown, she said.You didn't like my Day Gown. Then she bumped the window again. Her â€Å"Day Gown† had been his blue shirt, which, belted, made a sort of very short chemise on her, coming to the middle of her thighs. Right now what she wanted fit in with his own desires so completely that he felt†¦a bit guilty over the prospect. But he allowed himself to be persuaded. They drifted, hand in hand, Elena like a ghost or angel in her white nightgown, Stefan all in black, feeling himself almost disappear where the trees obscured the moonlight. Somehow they ended up in the Old Wood, where skeletons of trees mixed with the living branches. Stefan stretched his newly improved senses to the widest but could only find the normal inhabitants of the forest, slowly and hesitantly returning after being frightened off by Damon's lash of Power. Hedgehogs. Deer. Dog-foxes, and one poor vixen with twin kits, who hadn't been able to run because of her children. Birds. All the animals that helped to make the forest the wondrous place it was. Nothing that felt like malach or seemed as if it could do any harm. He began to wonder if Damon had simply invented the creature that influenced him. Damon was a tremendously convincing liar. He was telling the truth, Elena chimed.But either it's invisible or it's gone now. Because of you. Your Power. He looked at her and found her looking at him with a mixture of pride and another emotion that was easily identified – but startling to see out of doors. She tilted her face up, its classic lines pure and pale in the moonlight. Her cheeks were rose pink with blushing, and her lips were slightly pursed. Oh†¦hell, Stefan thought wildly. â€Å"After all you've been through,† he began, and made his first mistake. He took hold of her arms. There, some sort of synergy between his Power and hers started to bring them, in a very slow spiral, upward. And he could feel the warmth of her. The sweet softness of her body. She still was waiting, eyes closed, for her kiss. We can start all over again,she suggested hopefully. And that was true enough. He wanted to give back to her the feelings she had given to him in his room. He wanted to hold her hard; he wanted to kiss her until she trembled. He wanted to make her melt and swoon with it. He could do it, too. Not just because you learned a thing or two about women when you were a vampire, but because he knew Elena. They were really one at heart, one soul. Please?Elena chimed. But she was so young now, so vulnerable in her pure white nightgown, with her creamy skin flushing pink in anticipation. It couldn't be right to take advantage of someone like that. Elena opened her violet-blue eyes, silvered by the moonlight, and looked right at him. Do you want†¦She said it with sobriety in the mouth but mischief in her eyes†¦.to see how many times you can make me say please? God, no. But that sounded so grown-up that Stefan helplessly took her into his arms. He kissed the top of her silky head. He kissed downward from there, only avoiding the little rosebud mouth that was still puckered in lonely supplication.I love you. I love you. He found that he was almost crushing her ribs and tried to let go, but Elena held on as tightly as she could, holding his arms to her. Do you want – the chime was the same, innocent and ingenuous – to see how many times I can make yousay please? Stefan stared at her for a moment. Then, with a sort of wildness in his heart, he fell on the little rosebud mouth and kissed it breathless, kissed it until he himself was so dizzy that he had to let her go, just an inch or two. Then he looked into her eyes again. A person could lose themselves in eyes like that, could fall forever into their starry violet depths. He wanted to. But more than that, he wanted something else. â€Å"I want to kiss you,† he whispered, right at the portal of her right ear, nipping it. Yes.She was definite about that. â€Å"Until you faint in my arms.† He felt the shiver go through her body. He saw the violet eyes go misty, half closing. But to his surprise he got back an immediate, if slightly breathless, â€Å"Yes,† from Elena out loud. And so he did. Just short of swooning, with little shivers going through her, and little cries that he tried to stop with his own mouth, he kissed her. And then, because it was Time, and because the shivers were starting to have a painful edge to them, and Elena's breath was coming so quick and hard when he let her breathe that he really was afraid that she might pass out, he solemnly used his own fingernail to open a vein in his neck for her. And Elena, who once had been only human, and would have been horrified by the idea of drinking another person's blood, clasped herself to him with a small choked sound of joy. And then he could feel her mouth warm, warm against the flesh of his neck, and he felt her shudder hard, and he felt the heady sensation of having his blood drawn out by the one he loved. He wanted to pour his entire being out in front of Elena, to give her everything that he was, or ever would be. And he knew that this was the way she had felt, letting him drink her blood. That was the sacred bond they shared. It made him feel that they had been lovers since the beginning of the universe, since the very first dawning of the very first star out of the darkness. It was something very primitive, and very deeply ingrained in him. When he first felt the flow of blood into her mouth, he had to stifle a cry against her hair. And then he was whispering to her, fierce, involuntary things about how he loved her and how they could never be parted, and endearments and absurdities wrenched from him in a dozen different languages. And then there were no more words, only feelings. And so they slowly spiraled up in the moonlight, the white nightgown sometimes wrapping itself around his black-clad legs, until they reached the top of the trees, living and standing but dead. It was a very solemn, very private ceremony of their own, and they were far too lost in joy to look out for any danger. But Stefan had already checked for that, and he knew that Elena had, too. There was no danger; there was only the two of them, drifting and bobbing with the moon shining down like a benediction. One of the most useful things Damon had learned lately – more useful than flying, although that had been something of a kick – was to shield his presence absolutely. He had to drop all his barriers, of course. They would show up even in a casual scan. But that didn't matter, because if no one could see him, no one could find him. And therefore he was safe. Q.E.D. But tonight, after walking out of the boardinghouse, he had gone out to the Old Wood to find himself a tree to sulk in. It wasn't that he minded what human trash thought of him, he thought venomously. It would be like worrying what a chicken thought of him just before he wrung its neck. And, of all things he caredleast about, his brother's opinion was number one. But Elena had been there. And even if she had understood – had made efforts to get the others to understand – it was just too humiliating, being thrown out in front of her. And so he had retired, he thought bitterly, into the only retreat he could call home. Although that was a little ridiculous, since he could have spent the night in Fell's Church's best hotel (its only hotel) or with any number of sweet young girls who might invite a weary traveler in for a drink†¦of water. A wave of Power to put the parents to sleep, and he could have had shelter, as well as a warm and willing snack, until morning. But he was in a vicious mood, and he just wanted to be alone. He was a little afraid to hunt. He wouldn't be able to control himself with a panicked animal in his present state of mind. All he could think of was ripping and tearing and making somebody very, very unhappy. The animals were coming back, though, he noticed, careful to use only ordinary senses and nothing that would betray his presence. The night of horror was over for them, and they tended to have very short memories. Then, just as he had been reclining on a branch, wishing that Mutt, at least, had sustained some sort of painful and lasting injury,they had appeared. Out of nowhere, seemingly. Stefan and Elena, hand in hand, floating like a pair of happy wingd Shakespearean lovers, as if the forest wastheir home. He hadn't been able to believe it at first. And then, just as he was about to call down thunder and sarcasm on them, they had started their love scene. Right in front of his eyes. Even floating up to his level, as if to rub it in. They'd begun kissing and caressing and†¦more. They'd made an unwilling voyeur out of him, although he'd become more angry and less unwilling as time passed and their caresses had become more passionate. He'd had to grind his teeth, when Stefan had offered Elena his blood. Had wanted to scream that there had been a time when this girl had been his for the taking, when he could have drained her dry and she would have died happily in his arms, when she had obeyed the sound of his voice instinctively and the taste of his blood would make her reach heaven in his arms. As she obviously was in Stefan's. That had been the worst. He'd had to dig his nails into his palms when Elena had wrapped herself around Stefan like a long, graceful snake and had fastened her mouth against his neck, as Stefan's face had tipped toward the sky, with his eyes shut. For the love of all the demons in hell, why couldn't they just get done with it? Thatwas when he noticed that he wasn't alone in his well-chosen, commodious tree. There was someone else there, sitting calmly right beside him on the big branch. They must have appeared while he was engrossed in the love scene and his own fury, but still, that made them very, very good. No one had snuck up on him like that in over two centuries. Three, perhaps. The shock of it had sent him tumbling off the branch – without turning on his vampire ability to float. A long lean arm reached out to catch him, to haul him to safety, and Damon found himself gazing into a pair of laughing golden eyes. Who thehellare you? he sent. He didn't worry about it being picked up by the lovers in the moonlight. Nothing short of a dragon or an atomic bomb would catch their attention now. I'm the hell Shinichi,the other boy replied. His hair was the strangest Damon had seen in a while. It was smooth and shiny and black everywhere except for a fringe of uneven dark red at the tips. The bangs he tossed carelessly out of his eyes ended in crimson and so did the little wisps all round his collar – for he wore it slightly long. It looked as if tongues of dancing, flaring flame were licking at the ends of it, and gave singular emphasis to his answer:I'm the hell Shinichi. If anyone could pass as a devil come up straight from Hell, this boy could. On the other hand, his eyes were the pure golden eyes of an angel.Most people just call me Shinichi alone , he added soberly to Damon, letting those eyes crinkle a little to show that it was a joke.Now you know my name. Who are you? Damon simply looked at him in silence.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Quotes From the Cynics - English Translation

Quotes From the Cynics - English Translation What is Cynicism? Courtesy of translator Giles Laurà ©n, author of The Stoics Bible from The Cynics Diogenes Laertius. Loeb Classical Library. 2 vols. From Socrates Antisthenes learned his hardihood, emulating his disregard of feeling, and he thus inaugurated the Cynic way of life.D.L.II. p.5. Id rather feel anger than feel pleasure.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. We ought to make love to such women as will feel a proper gratitude.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. What sort of woman should one marry? If shes beautiful, youll not have her to yourself; if shes ugly, youll pay for it dearly.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. It is a royal privilege to do good and be spoken ill of.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.5. It is better to fall in with crows than with flatterers; for in the one case you are devoured when dead and in the other case while alive.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. The height of human bliss? To die happy.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. As iron is eaten away by rust, so the envious are consumed by their own passion.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. States are domed when they are unable to distinguish good men from bad.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. When he was applauded by rascals: I am horribly afraid I have done something wrong.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.7. It is strange that we sort the wheat from the chaff and the unfit from the fit in war, but we do not excuse evil men from the service of the state.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. The advantages of philosophy? That I am able to hold converse with myself.Antisthenes.D.L.II.9. When Diogenes begged a coat from him, he bade him fold his cloak around him double.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. What learning is most necessary? How to get rid of having anything to unlearn.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. When men are slandered, they should endure it more courageously then if they were pelted with stones.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. He recommended the Athenians to vote that asses are horses because they had generals who had no training and were merely elected.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. Many men praise you. Why, what wrong have I done?Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.9. What must one do to become good and noble? You must learn from those who know the faults you have are to be avoided.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.11. May the sons of your e nemies live in luxury!Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.11. Virtue can be taught; nobility belongs to the virtuous; virtue alone assures happiness; virtue is an affair of deeds and needs not words or learning.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. The wise man is self-sufficient for all the goods of others are his.Antisthenes. D.L.II. p.13. Ill repute is a good thing and much the same as pain.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. The wise man will be guided in his public acts not by the established laws but by the law of virtue.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. The wise man will marry and have children with the handsomest women and he will not disdain to love since only the wise man knows who is worthy to be loved.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. To the wise man, nothing is foreign or impracticable. A good man deserves to be loved. Men of worth are friends. Make allies of men who are at once both brave and just. Virtue is a weapon that cannot be taken away.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. It is better to be with a handful of good men fighting against all the bad than to be with hosts of bad men fighting against a handful of good men.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Pay attention to your enemies, for they are the first to discover your mistakes.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Esteem an honest man above a kinsman.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Virtue is the same for women as for men.Antisthenes.D.L.II.p.13. Wisdom is a most sure stronghold which never crumbles away nor is betrayed. Walls of defence must be constructed by our own impregnable reasoning.Antisthenes.D.L.II. p.13. Strike, for you will find no wood hard enough to keep me away from you so long as I think you have something to teach me.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.25. By watching a mouse running about, not looking for a place to lie down, not afraid of the dark, not seeking any dainty things, Diogenes discovered the means of adapting himself to circumstances.D.L.II. p.25. For the conduct of life we need right reason or a halter.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.27. Antisthenes. PL.Mor.13.2,p.465. Men strive for many things, though few strive to be good.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.29. Diogenes was angry that men should sacrifice to the gods to ensure health and then feast to its detriment.D.L.II. p.31. We ought to stretch out our hands to our friends with the fingers open, not closed.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.31. You must obey me, although I am a slave, if a physician or a helmsman were in slavery, he would be obeyed.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.33. Alexander is reported [by Hecato] to have said: Had I not been Alexander, I should have liked to beDiogenes.D.L.II. p.35. PL.Mor.7,p.557. The word disabled ought to be applied not to the deaf or blind, but to those who have no wallet.Diogenes.D.L.I. p.35. Diogenes described himself as the sort of hound all praise, but none dare hunt with.D.L.II. p.35. You are an old man, take a rest! What? if I were running in the stadium ought I to slacken my pace when approaching the goal? Ought I not rather to put on speed?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.35. Having been invited to dinner, Diogenes declined, saying that the last time he had gone his host had not shown proper gratitude.D.L.II. p.35. Diogenes followed the example of the trainers of choruses in setting the note a li ttle high to ensure the rest would hit the right note.D.L.II. p.37. Some people are so nearly mad that a finger makes all the difference. If you go about with your middle finger stretched out people will think you mad, but if its the little finger you may be praised.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.37. On observing a child drinking from his hands he threw away his cup and remarked: A child has bested me at plain living.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.39. All things belong to the gods. The wise are friends of the gods and friends hold all things in common. Therefore all things belong to the wise.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.39 D.L.II. p.73. To a woman ungracefully kneeling before a god: Are you not afraid good woman that the god may be standing behind you, for all things are full of his presence and you may be put to shame?Diogenes.D.L.,II. p.39. To fortune oppose courage, to convention nature, to passion reason.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. When Alexander told him to ask any boon he liked: Stand out of my light.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. PL.Mor.7,p.557. It would be ludicrous if good men were to dwell in the mire while folk of no account were to live in the Isles of the Blest because they had been initiated.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. When mice crept on to his table: See how even Diogenes keeps parasites.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. When Plato called him a dog: Quite true, I return again and again to those who have sold me.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.41. Upon leaving the baths he was asked if many men were bathing and replied, no; asked if there was a great crowd of bathers he replied yes.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. Plato had defined man as a featherless, biped animal. Diogenes brought a plucked chicken to the lecture hall and said: Here is Platos man.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. The proper time for lunch? If a rich man, when you will; if a poor man when you can.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. Its better to be a Megarians ram than his son.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. He lit a lamp in daylight and went about the streets saying: I am looking for a man.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.43. On seeing a religious purification: Unhappy man, dont you know that you can no more get rid of errors of conduct by sprinklings than you can mistakes of grammar?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. Men pray for things which seem to them good and not for good things.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. There are those who are more alive to their dreams than to their real lives.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. When the herald proclaimed Dioxippus to be victor: over men, Diogenes protested: Nay, over slaves, I over men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. On being dragged before Philip and accused of spying: Yes, a spy upon your insatiable greed.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. PL.Mor.7,p.561. Alexander having sent a letter to Antipater by Athlios: Graceless son of graceless sire to graceless wight by graceless squire.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. Perdiccas having threatened him with death if he did not come to him: Thats nothing wonderful, for a beetle or a tarantula would do the same. I would have been properly threatened if Peridiccas had suggested he would be happy at my absence.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.45. The gods have given us the means of living easily, but that this had been put out of sight by our need for luxuries.Diogenes.D.L.I I. p.47. To a man having his shoes put on by a slave: You will not attain full felicity until he wipes your nose as well and that will come when you have lost the use of your hands.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. When the officials of the temple led away a man who stolen a bowl: The great thieves are leading away the little thief.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. To a boy throwing stones at the gallows: Good work, one day youll find your mark.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.34. To a man wearing a lions skin: Leave-off dishonouring the habiliments of courage.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. To one commenting on Callisthenes good fortune: Not so, but ill fortune, for he must breakfast and dine when Alexander thinks fit.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. Being short of money, he told his friends that he asked not for alms, but for his salary.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47. When masturbating in the market place, he wished it were as easy to relieve hunger by rubbing an empty stomach.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.47 D.L.II. p.71. PL.Mor.13.2,p.501. To a youth playing c ottabos: The better you play the worse it is for you.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. An ignorant rich man he called the sheep with the golden fleece.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Seeing a for sale sign on the house of a profligate: I knew that after his excesses you would expel your owner.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. To a man who complained of being importuned: Cease to hang out a sign of invitation.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Of a dirty bath: When people have bathed here, where are they to go to get clean?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Diogenes alone praised a stout musician saying he was worthy for being so big and continuing to sing to his lute instead of turning brigand.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. To a musician who was always deserted by his audience: Hail chanticleer! Your song makes everyone rise.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.49. Hegesias asked him for one of his works: You dont choose painted figs over real ones and yet you pass over true training and apply yourself to written rules.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. When reproached for his exile: Nay, it was through you, you miserable fellow, that I became a ph ilosopher.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. The people of Sinope exiled him; he condemned them to staying home.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. Why are athletes so stupid? Because they are built up of pork and beef.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. Why are you begging from a statue? To get practice in being refused.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. PL.Mor.7,p.65. If you have already given to anyone else, give to me also, if not, begin with me.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. What bronze is best for a statue? That of which Harmodius and Aristogiton were moulded.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. How does Dionysius treat his friends? Like purses; so long as they are full he hangs them up and when they are empty he throws them away.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.51. The love of money is the mother of all evils.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Seeing a spendthrift eating olives in a tavern: If you had breakfasted in this fashion, you would not be so dining.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Good men are the images of gods and love the business of the idle.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. What is wretched? An old man destitute .Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. What creature has the worst bite? Of those that are wild, the sycophants, of those that are tame, the flatterers.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Ingratiating speech is honey used to choke you.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. The stomach is lifes Charybdis.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Why is gold pale? Because it has so many thieves plotting against it.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Seeing some women hanged from an olive tree. Would that every tree bore similar fruit.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.53. Do you have anyone to wait on you? No. Then who will carry you to burial? Whoever wants the house.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. Noticing a youth lying in an exposed position: Up man up lest some foe thrust a dart in your back.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. What sort of man do you consider Diogenes to be? A Socrates gone mad.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. The right time to marry? For a young man, not yet; for an old man, never at all.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. A man dressing with care: If its for men youre a fool; if for women a knave.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. To a blushing youth: Courage, that is the hue of virtue.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.55. After listening to two lawyers disputing and condemned them: one man had no doubt stolen, but the other had lost nothing.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. 118. What wine is pleasant to drink? That for which others pay.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 57. People laugh at you: But I am not laughed down.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. Life is evil: Not life, but living ill.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. When advised to go after his runaway slave: It would be absurd if Manes can live without Diogenes, that Diogenes could not get on without Manes.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. What kind of hound are you? When hungry a Maltese; when full a Molossian - two breeds that most people praise, though for fear of fatigue they do not venture out hunting with them. So neither can you live with me because you are afraid of the discomforts.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. Why do people give to beggars and not to philosophers? Because they think that one day they may be lame or bli nd, but never expect that they will turn to philosophy.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.57. On begging to a miser who was slow to respond: My friend, its for food that Im asking, not for funeral expenses.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.59. On being rebuked for falsifying the currency: That was the time when I was such as you are now, but such as I am now you will never be.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 59. To Myndus, a small city with large gates: Men of Myndus, bar your gates lest the city run away!Diogenes.D.L.II. p.59. In response to Craterus invitation: No, I would rather live on a few grains of salt at Athens than enjoy sumptuous fare at Crateruss table.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 59. To Anaximenes the fat rhetorician: Let us beggars have something of your paunch; it will be a relief to you and we shall get advantage.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 59. Being reproached for eating in the market: Well, it was in the market that I felt hungry.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.59. Plato saw him washing lettuce and said: If you had paid court to Dionysius you wouldnt now be washing lettuce. Diogenes: If you had washed lettuce you wouldnt have paid court to Dionysius.D.L.II. p.59. Most people laugh at you: And asses laugh at them, but as they do not care about asses so do I not care about them.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. Seeing a youth studying philosophy: Well done, Philosophy, that you divert admirers of bodily charms to the beauty of the soul.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. On the votive offerings at Samothrace: There would have been far more if those who were not saved had set up offerings.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. To a young man going out to dinner: You will come back a worse man.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. I will give you alms if you can persuade me: If I could persuade you I would persuade you to hang yourself.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. On his way from Lacedaemon to Athens: From the mens apartments to the womens.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. Libertines he compared to fig trees growing on a cliff whose fruit was eaten by vultures and ravens rather then by men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.61. When a golden statue of Aphrodite was set up at Delphi: From the licentiousness of Greece.Diogenes.D.L.II . I am Alexander the Great King: and I am Diogenes the Cynic.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. Why are you called a Cynic? I fawn on those who give me anything, I bark at those who refuse, and I set my teeth in rascals.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. Handsome courtesans are like a deadly honeyed poison.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A crowd gathered round when he ate in the market place calling him dog: It is you who are dogs when you stand around and watch me eat.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 63. When two cowards slunk away from him: Dont be afraid, a Cynic is not fond of beet root.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. On seeing a stupid wrestler practicing medicine: What does this mean? Are you to have your revenge on those who formerly beat you?Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 63. Seeing the child of a courtesan throwing stones at a crowd: Take care you dont hit your father.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A boy having shown him a dagger he had received from an admirer: A pretty blade with an ugly handle.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A man was commended for givin g him a gratuity: Have you no praise for me who was worthy to receive it?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.63. A man asked if he might have his cloak back: If it was a gift I possess it and if it was a loan I am still using it.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. What have you gained from philosophy? This if nothing else, to be prepared for every fortune.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. Where are you from? I am a citizen of the world.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. To parents sacrificing to the gods in hopes of having a boy: But you do not sacrifice to ensure what manner of man he shall be.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. Being reproached for going in dirty places: The sun visits cesspools without being defiled.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. You dont know anything even though you are a philosopher: Even if I am a pretender to wisdom, that is philosophy.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. Someone brought him a child, highly gifted and of excellent character: What need then has he of me?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. Those who say excellent things yet fail to perform them are like harps as both have neither hearing nor perception.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. When he was asked why he was entering the theatre, meeting face to face everyone else as they came out: This is what I practice doing all my life.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. To a gay man: Are you not ashamed to make yourself less than natures intention; for nature made you a man and you play the part of a woman.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. To one who was ill adapted to study philosophy: Why then do you live if you do not care to live well?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.65. To one who despised his father: Are you not ashamed to despise him to whom you owe it that you can pride yourself?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. To a prating, handsome youth: Are you not ashamed to draw a dagger of lead from an ivory scabbard?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.67. 121. Being reproached for drinking in a tavern: Well, I also get my hair cut in a barbers shop.Diogenes.D.L.II. v.2, p.67. Many go to great pains to get what they would be better off without.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. To one with perfumed hair: Beware that the sweet scent on your head cause not an ill odour in your life.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Bad men obey their lusts as slaves obey their masters.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. On seeing a bad archer he sat down in front of the target: So as to not get hit.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Lovers derive their pleasures from their misfortunes.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Is death evil? How can it be since in its presence we are not even aware of it?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Alexander asked if he were afraid of him: Why? What are you, a good or a bad thing? A good thing. Who then is afraid of the good?Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. Education controls the young, consoles the old and adorns the rich.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.69. The most beautiful thing in the world? Freedom of speech.Diogenes.D.L.II. p. 71. On entering a boys school he found there many statues of the Muses, but few pupils: By the help of the gods, schoolmaster, you have filled your classroom.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.71. Two kinds of training, mental and bodily, each incomplete without the other.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.71. Nothing in life has any chance of succeeding without strenuous practice and this is capable of overcoming anything.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.73. Even the despising of pleasure is pleasurable once we are habituated to it.Diogene s.D.L.II. p.73. Diogenes lives like Heracles, who preferred liberty to everything.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.73. It is impossible for society to exist without law. Without a city no benefit can be derived from what is called civilization. The city is civilised and there is no advantage in law without a city; therefore law is something civilised.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. Good birth and fame are the ornaments of vice.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. The only true commonwealth is as wide as the universe.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. Open union between a man who persuades and a woman who consents is better than marriage.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. Music, geometry, astronomy and the like studies are useless and unnecessary.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.75. What are you good for? Ruling men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. Sell me to this man [Xaniades]; he needs a master!Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. On slavery: Lions are not the slaves of those who feed them, rather, their masters are slaves to their possessions. Fear is the mark of the slave and lions do not fe ar men.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. Diogenes had a wonderful gift of persuasion and could easily vanquish anyone he liked in argument.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.77. It is the privilege of the gods to need nothing and of godlike men to want but little.Diogenes.D.L.II. p.109. Crates was a Theban; he was known as the Door-opener from his habit of entering into houses and admonishing those within.D.L.II. p.89. Set down for the chef ten minas, for the doctor One drachma, for the flatterer talents five, For counsel smoke, for mercenary beauty A talent, for the philosopher three obols.Crates.D.L.II. p.89. That much I have which I have learnt and thought, The noble lessons taught me by the Muses; But wealth amassed is prey to vanity.Crates.D.L.II. p.89. What have you gained from philosophy? A quirt of lupins and to care for no one.Crates.D.L.II. p.91. Hunger stops love, or, if not hunger, Time, Or, failing both of these means of help, a halter.Crates.D.L.II. p.91. In summer-time a thick cloak he would wear To be like Crates, and in w inter rags.Philemon.D.L.II. p.91. Diocles relates how Diogenes persuaded Crates to give up his fields to sheep pasture and throw into the sea any money he had. In the home of Crates, Alexander is said to have lodged.D.L.II. p.91. The marriage of intrigue and adultery belongs to tragedy, having exile or assassination for its rewards; those who take up with courtesans are subjects for comedy since drunkenness and extravagance end in madness.Crates.D.L.II. p.93. Crates brother Pasicles, was a disciple of Euclides.D.L.II. p.93. It is impossible to find a man free from flaws; just as with the pomegranate, one seed is always going bad.Crates.D.L.II. p.93. We should study philosophy to the point of seeing generals as mere monkey drivers.Crates.D.L.II. p.95. Those who live with flatters are no safer than calves in the midst of wolves; neither have any to protect them and only such as plot against them.Crates.D.L.II. p.95. When Alexander asked if he would like his native city rebuilt: Why should it be? Another Alexander will come along and destroy it again.Crates.D.L.II. p. 97. Ignominy and Poverty are my country which Fortune can never take captive. I am a fellow citizen with Diogenes who defied all plots of envy.Crates.D.L.II. p. 97. Wearing a cloak youll go about with me, As once with Cynic Crates went his wife: His daughter too, as he himself declared, He gave in marriage for a month on trial.Menander. Twin Sisters.D.L.II. p.97. When he burned his own works: Phantoms are these of dreams o the world below.Metrocles.D.L.II. p.99. Do you suppose that I have been ill-advised, if instead of wasting further time on the loom, I have spent it on education?Hipparchia.D.L.II. p.101.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Famous Proverbs Shared From Around the World

Famous Proverbs Shared From Around the World Proverbs are usually concise  phrases that give advice or state a truism. Proverbs can sound deep and wise, but it is the cultural context of proverbs that lend them meaning. Without context, these proverbs must be interpreted in light of your own personal experience. Proverbs have been part of human culture for thousands of years. Some of those from China, Africa, and the Middle East, for example, were first coined long before the Roman Empire. Some proverbs from other countries may sound familiar to you. It is common for countries to have their own versions of a proverb. For example, the Dutch proverb Do not wake sleeping dogs appears in the U.S. as Let sleeping dogs lie. They mean the same thing. Here is a collection of famous proverbs from around the world. African Proverbs A kings child is a slave elsewhere. What forgets is the  ax, but the tree that has been axed will never forget. It is no shame at all to work for money.   A loose tooth will not rest until its pulled out.   He who digs too deep for a  fish  may come out with a snake.   The path is made by walking. Australian Proverbs None are so deaf as those who would not hear. Once bitten, twice shy. Dont count your chickens before theyre hatched. A bad worker blames his tools. In the planting season, visitors come singly, and in harvest time they come in crowds. Egyptian Proverbs We tell them it is a bull, they say milk it. Go far, youll be loved more. Do a good deed and throw it into the sea. Time never gets tired of running. Bulgarian Proverbs Tell me who your friends are, so I can tell you who you are. The wolf has a thick  neck  because he does his job on his own.   Measure thrice, cut once.   Help yourself to help God help you.   Chinese Proverbs If youre poor, change and youll succeed. Big fish eat small fish. No one knows a son better than the father.   No shame in asking questions, even to people of lower status. Croatian Proverbs The way it came is the way it will go. Hasten slowly.   All thats well lasts  short.   Dutch Proverbs Cost goes before the profit. Do not wake sleeping dogs. Every little pot has a fitting lid. Think before acting; and whilst acting, still think. English Proverbs When the going gets tough, the tough get going. The pen is mightier than the sword. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. No man is an island. People who live in glass houses shouldnt throw stones. Better late than never. Two wrongs dont make a right. German Proverbs He who rests grows rusty. Starting is easy, persistence is an art. The cheapest is always the most expensive. Make haste with leisure. Hungarian Proverb Who is curious gets old quickly. Russian Proverbs Draw not your bow till your arrow is fixed. When the rich make war, its the poor that die. When the cat is away, the mice will play. Many hands make light work. Be swift to hear, slow to speak.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk - Essay Example As the discussion stresses the Souls of Black Folk represents a collection of fourteen historical and sociological essays framed by the Forethought and Afterthought. In the Forethought and Of Our Spiritual Strivings Du Bois outlines the primary metaphorical concepts of his work, the â€Å"veil† and â€Å"double consciousness†, through which, according to the author, American blacks face the world. Hence, the â€Å"veil† represents â€Å"Negros’† innate feature, an indication of color line, historically conditioned lack of ability of white people to accept blacks as equals and at the inability of African-Americans to exceed the poor limits society establishes for them. The â€Å"double consciousness† is closely related to the concept of the â€Å"veil† and refers to the existence of two conflicting identities of African-Americans, that is to say the one of emancipated American citizen and the other of former slave continuing to experien ce inequality and restrictions.This paper discusses that  social tendencies of the post-emancipation epoch aggravated a lot African-Americans’ plight then. For example, in Of the Black Belt Du Bois cites his experience of travelling in so-called Jim Crow Car giving readers the insight of how poorly the discrimination on the ground of skin color legalized by Jim Crow Laws affected the blacks’ life conditions and their self-appraisal in particular.  Du Bois also outlines the prejudicialness of American society toward the Black people.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing communication - Essay Example their feedback for the services and extent of their satisfaction etc, being collected from various reliable sources so that communication channels and methods can be planned effectively. Defining target audience includes knowing the behavior, attitude and individual tastes of each customer or various sub groups in the target groups in order to facilitate playful environment and joyful natural sceneries. Defining the target market also includes giving the prospective customers a compelling as well as logical reason to go out of competitors’ way and to spend their money for your goods or services (Harper, 2003, p. 75). Viejas Outlet Centre considers this as virtual point that can pave a way to marketing success for the next one year. Money spenders and Childs will be communicated regarding what makes Viejas different from other outlet centers and thus to attract them to the joyful environment provided by Viejas. Sales promotion will be a key ingredient in the marketing and communication campaign of Viejas. According to Martin (2008), sales promotion is a marketing process that provides extra value to the sales force, distributors and final consumers in order to stimulate immediate sale (p. 124). Viejas basically consider this material fact that customers must be provided extra value through various methods of promotion. In order to do so, Viejas proposes both loyalty or store card facility and golf carts services and therefore sales and total revenue can be stimulated. Both loyalty cards and golf carts will definitely promote the sales from the targeted audience. Linked with store card system, Viejas plans to provide offers and lucky draw program in order to attract more children apart from free parking. Children will be highly motivated towards offers and lucky draw to get rewards and appreciation and thus they may find more times to spend in the Outlet