Overview of the campaign at the battle of King's Mountain 1780 Essay

Overview of the campaign at the battle of King's Mountain 1780 - Essay Example Ferguson sent a warning to the frontiersmen: if they did not â€Å"desist from their opposition to the British army, and take protection under his standard, he would  march his army over the mountains, hang their leaders, and lay their country waste with fire and sword†1. The patriots responded by gathering a force of about 1,400 militiamen, with no formal military training, belonging to ten counties. Under the command of Col. William Campbell,  of Washington County, Virginia, the Overmountain Men pursued Ferguson’s forces to King’s Mountain on the afternoon of 7 October. The patriots divided forces into four columns, encircled the mountain and attacked the defensive position of the Loyalist forces on the exposed, rocky ridge. Using their skill in sharpshooting and moving under cover, learned in the frontiers wars, the patriots overwhelmed Fergusons’s forces and decisively won the battle in a little over one hour of combat. Accepted figures give the casualties as 225 Loyalists killed, 163 wounded and 716 captured, while only 28 Patriots were killed, including Colonel James Williams, and 68 wounded.  The Battle of King’s Mountain was a turning point in the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis retreated from Charlotte, North Carolina and was forced on the defensive. The patriots gained time to recoup and went on to win the

The character of Curleys Wife Essay Example for Free

The character of Curleys Wife Essay Steinbeck demonstrates Curley’s Wife as ‘unwanted’ when it comes to relationships. Curley’s Wife shares an unenthusiastic and loveless relationship with her husband. †You seen that glove on his left hand? Well, that gloves fulla Vaseline, Curley says hes keepin that hand soft for his wife† is a primary example of this. This quote personifies the fact that Curley only wants a sexual relationship with his wife, and uses her for intimate means only. Additionally, Curley’s Wife is not highly admired among the ranch workers. ‘Tart’ and ‘Jailbait’ are just two of the many words used by the ranch workers to describe Curley’s Wife. This means that they perceive her as trouble and they try to keep away from her. One of the most important relations anybody has is one with their own mother. Curley’s wife shares quite an unpleasant relationship with her mother. This words â€Å"I always thought my ol’ lady stole it†, are a vivid example of how Curley’s Wife had her dream to become an actress, overseen by her mother. The relationship between Curley’s Wife and George is quite similar to Curley’s Wife’s relationship with the other ranch workers. As soon as George sees Curley’s Wife for the first time, he straight away turns to Lennie and coldly says Jesus, what a tramp. These words concisely and efficiently explain the initial thoughts felt by George upon first look at Curley’s Wife. When George tells Lennie off for calling her â€Å"purty† he also illustrates his thoughts in a more influential way with the words; â€Å"Dont you even take a look at that bitch. I dont care what she says and what she does. I seen em poison before. † The words â€Å"bitch† and â€Å"poison†, clarify that George despises Curley’s Wife, probably more than anyone else on the ranch. Curley’s Wife and Crooks are two dissimilar yet comparable characters. They are comparable because both are isolated from other people, albeit for different reasons. Crooks is left isolated from fellow ranch workers due to racial differences, same for Curley’s Wife but because she is s woman. However, the portrayal of Crooks shows that he is an understanding and composed person, completely different to Curley’s Wife. The differences between these characters prove to be greater than first expected when Curley’s Wife tells Crooks â€Å"Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung upon a tree so easy it ain’t even funny. † These words indicate that Curley’s Wife is also in favour of using Crooks’ skin colour against him. Like the relationships shared by Curley’s Wife, with other ranch members, her relationship with Candy is not an appealing one. Having said this, both of these characters can once again relate to each other, through a sense of lonesomeness. Curley’s Wife and Candy definitely despise each other and this is visible through words such as â€Å"that bitch† and â€Å"you god damn tramp†, used by Candy, when talking about Curley’s Wife. John Steinbeck shows a key connection in the relationship between Curley’s Wife and Lennie. Curleys wife is a lot like Lennie in numerous ways; both are alone, controlled by those around them, not trusted because of what they are like and have dreams that they really wants to come true. We feel sorry for them because we can see that they desperately want to try and break free from the life they are caught up in, but George keeps Lennie behind, and Curley keeps his wife behind. They end up confiding in each other as the novel comes to an end. â€Å"Well, I ain’t told this to nobody before. Maybe I oughten to † When Curley’s Wife’s she says these words to Lennie in the barn, the reader realises that this is the first time Curley’s Wife has opened up to anyone. This results in the reader thinking that Curley’s Wife trusts Lennie. In conclusion, my opinion is that Curley’s Wife does seek attention; however this is only because she has been dispossessed of attention throughout her life. Her unwilling marriage to Curley, the fact that she could not accomplish her dream and her having a lack of friends and reverence made me feel regretful about my first impression of her. Steinbeck presents Curley’s Wife in an apathetic way which robustly influences the reader’s image of her. Nevertheless, as the novel reaches its end this negative feeling received by the reader soon changes into that of commiseration. Steinbeck has created a character for us to feel sympathetic towards. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

The Berlin Wall :: European History Cold War

The Berlin Wall Throughout the history of the World, there are many great facts, and things to learn. There is an abundance of information out there not only about our country but about the rest of the world also. After researching the Berlin Wall, I was quite interested, and did not realize what I was missing out on about the past history of our world. I am going to share all that I learned about the Berlin Wall, and how it made a difference in our past and future times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Berlin Wall was built on the night between 12th and 13th August 1961. Everyone always asks why the Berlin Wall was built and what did it stand for. In 1945, following World War II, Germany was divided into two countries - East Germany and West Germany. East Germany was controlled by the communist regime of the Soviet Union while West Germany became a democracy supported by the United States. Berlin, the former capital city, although entirely within East German borders, was also split into two. On August 13, 1961, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) decided to block off East Berlin and West Berlin by means of a barbed wire. Streets were torn up, and barricades erected. Rail lines and the subway between East and West Berlin was torn up. People of East Berlin and the GDR were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin disrupting 60,000 commuters who were employed in West Berlin. Within the year, construction work began to build a solid wall separating the two cities. The German Democratic Republic along with 60,000 commuters, under the leadership of Erich Honecker. The Berlin Wall fell down on November 9th, 1989. In my opinion, the Berlin Wall was built simply because; Germany was controlled by Communist Regime, and by the Soviet Union. Those two groups are not going to get along, and that is why I believe they were split up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since I learned to read music, and play it well, it has been a large part of my life. I learned that just playing the note on the page perfect is not music. To play music well, you have to feel it in your body, spirit, mind, and soul. The music that has been picked out this year, in my opinion, is the best music I have ever played. My favorite is 2nd Dawning, and not just because I have to write about it, but it really is.

In what ways and to what effect, does Milton use comparison in Paradise Lost Book II? Essay

Paradise Lost is one of the greatest epic poems of the 17th century, written by John Milton. This is a poem of twelve books describing the fall of man in blank verse, in a manner that is at par with Virgil’s Aeneid for the Romans and Homer’s Iliad for ancient Greece. Milton has several ways of using comparison, which he uses profoundly throughout Book II. Allegory, allusions, contrasts, the comparison between heaven, earth and hell, and the different arguments in the book are the most significant and prominent in his poem, and both pertain to his grand style as well as his motifs. Towards the end of book II, Milton presents an allegory of the two figures Sin and Death at the gates of hell who represent their respective abstract ideas and principles, which he develops throughout the entire poem. As they are abstract ideas, they cannot be visualized, thus Milton gives them physical attributes to further allude to the ideas they represent. Sin is described as â€Å"†¦ woman to the waist, and fair, But ended foul in many a scaly fold Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed With mortal sting.† (II.650-53) With this description, it’s clear to see that Sin is an allegory of Eve because Eve is also beautiful and â€Å"fair† on the outside, but deep inside is evil and tempted by a â€Å"serpent†, even if she is not composed of one. Also, Sin explains how she was seduced by Satan, and as a result of their fornication, conceive Death. She then explains how Death raped her â€Å"†¦in embraces forcible and foul† (II.793) and created monsters that are â€Å"hourly conceived And hourly born, with sorrow infinite To me;† (II.797-99) Both Eve and Sin are seduced by Satan, have excruciatingly painful labor, and bring about the beginning of mortality for all of mankind as a result of sin. Milton has created Sin as an allegory of the whole concept of sin, and furthermore, suggested that women accomplish their sin by being seductive and beautiful, yet evil and serpent-like. Death on the other hand, is a shadow-like creature, described as having a â€Å"†¦head The likeness of a kingly crown had on.† (II.672-73) He is allegorically the consequence of both Sin and Satan’s sin. Interestingly enough, Death is in control of his condition, and instead of enduring suffering himself, he enjoys inflicting human pain. This can clearly be seen as a symbolic, comparative representation of death on earth and how it often inflicts human pain, as well as the way in which us humans are not in control of it. The effect of this comparative literary technique enables the reader to stretch the imagination in order to effectively draw symbolic conclusions and make logical deductions. Another effect of this technique is that it introduces multiple interpretations. For example, another interpretation of Sin and Death is that they could be the pathway for humans to enter Hell through Death, and Sin could simply be one who has paved that way by giving birth to eternal mortality, or alternatively they could be an allegory of The Holy Trinity. These different interpretations lead to a deeper understanding of t he poem, and make it all the more intriguing. As well as making allegorical allusions, Milton also makes allusions to other literary works. The first allusion he makes is in the first two lines of Book two; â€Å"High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (II.1-2) are an allusion to Ormus and Ind. Ormus is an island in the Persian Gulf, and Ind is an abbreviation for India. He makes reference to these places because they’re highly celebrated for their pearls and jewels. â€Å"Sage he stood, With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear The weight of the mightiest monarchies;†(II.305-7) is another allusion to the Greek mythological figure Atlas, who was able to carry the world. Milton uses references to specific people and places in order to emphasize and reinforce the grand stature of the character(s) he Is referring to, which in the above examples, would be Satan and Beelzebub respectively. Another purpose of his allusions is to further extend the reader’s imagination and understanding, whilst creating vivid imagery in the reader’s mind, through comparisons. Lastly, these allusions are important in his work because they not only make his writing exotic, but they also add a lot of weight and grandeur to his style. Another comparative literary feature that is quite prominent in Milton’s works is the use of contrasts, such as antitheses and oxymoron’s. These figures of speech are important in Paradise Lost because they are used to convey and accentuate vivid, yet unorthodox imagery. â€Å"To that bad eminence† (II.6) and â€Å"†¦this darkness light†(II.220) are among his many uses of oxymoron’s. This poetic device not only extends the imagery of the poem, but it also heightens the message or emotion behind it in a non-literal sense. A powerful example of antithesis which is not in Book II, but was still discussed in class is, â€Å"Hee for God only, Shee for God in him†. This is a powerful example because Milton has conveyed sharply contrasting ideas in an emphatic, yet adorning way. Accompanying this feature are the contrasts between light and dark to convey good or bad. With this, his contrasts also include high and low (in terms of altitude or status), and God and Satan. Milton’s strong imagery of light and darkness to convey these contrary ideas could be attributed to his blindness. Although he describes Satan as a powerful being, he generally describes hell as dark, fiery and very low, as opposed to heaven which is described as light and highly exalted. This can be noted in â€Å"What can be worse Than to dwell here, driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe; Where pain of unextinguishable fire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (II.85) and a few lines later he states â€Å"He from Heaven’s higth†(II.190) Contrasts like these are important because they help us to further extend our understanding of Milton’s paradigms of food and bad, and from this, we can deduce that the absence of light in Hell and in Satan symbolize the absence of God in all his glory. Milton’s contrasts of light and dark, and high and low to convey good and bad are also used to contrast Heaven, Hell and Earth. Milton presents a hierarchy based on the proximity to God. Heaven is at the top of the hierarchy where â€Å"Heaven’s high Arbitrator† (II.359) sits, and the primary quality is light. Hell is at the very bottom of the hierarchy and is portrayed as the antithesis of heaven, which is primarily dark. â€Å"As he our darkness, cannot we his light†(II.269) Is a phrase which best portrays the strong contrasts between the two places. Earth is depicted as the young, vulnerable middle-ground connected to both Heaven and Earth. It is also the battlefield that Beelzebub suggests they try to corrupt because he knows that although there is goodness on earth, it is not at par with that of Heaven’s, and is thus able to be defeated. It is portrayed as the neutral middle-ground by Beelzebub who states that the new race of man is â€Å"To be created like to us, though less In power an excellence, but favoured more Of him who rules above;† (II.349-351) Also, Milton’s geographical description of hell has similar physical features as earth (Mountains, rivers, valleys), however, the only difference is that hell has the worst in nature. Milton describes hell as â€Å"†¦dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land Thaws not,† (II.588-90) with streams â€Å"Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.† (II.581) By knowing that Hell is the degenerated form of nature, and that Earth is the middle-ground, we can deduce that Heaven is the more natural and aesthetically pleasing form of nature. This further highlights the hierarchical contrast between the three places. An interesting observation I made was that Earth is connected to heaven with a gold chain and connected to hell through a dark gulf (Chaos and Night). This shows the contrast between the journey to Heaven and Hell. Milton is implying that throughout life, Man must choose to make the difficult, strenuous journey up the gold chain into Heaven, or take the easy way and perambulate down to Heaven through the wide gulf. These hierarchical contrasts and comparisons not only give clarity to the settings in the poem, but also give us a deeper understanding of the nature of the characters in the story. Most importantly, it provides a philosophical and theological context for the poem and it gives us deeper insight into the beliefs and prin ciples that Milton adheres to, without being persuasive. The hierarchy and balance of good and evil are also portrayed and compared through the different speeches given by arch devils Moloch, Belial, Mammon and Beelzebub. Milton seems to depict a certain balance between good and evil or Heaven and Hell, and from that, it is clear that he believes that good will always reign over evil. The first arch devil to speak is Moloch. He proposes open warfare on a battlefield. He believes they have nothing to lose because â€Å"What can be worse Than to swell here, driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe;† (II.85-87) So he clearly believes that nothing can be worse than living in hell anyway. Lastly, he says even if they are defeated in the battle â€Å"†¦if not victory, is yet revenge†(II.1.5). The second speaker is Belial who disagrees and suggests that they stay in hell in the hope that God will forgives them, or over time, they will grow used to the eternal pain and suffering. He has based his reasoning on the belief that even if God could kill them, he never would, and because he is almighty, he can see everything they are doing, and thus, they might be subjected to an even worse hell. The third speaker, Mammon, disagrees to both proposals and suggests that they build a kingdom in hell that will someday be equal to Heaven, because open warfare would be unavailing, and they would not want to go back to living in heaven eternally anyway. Finally, Beelzebub proposes that they do neither. He states that war will be futile because there is no place where God does not reign, so instead, Beelzebub tells them of a new race that God created called â€Å"Man†, and suggests that they seek revenge against him by seducing Man to their side. This is the decision that is unanimously agreed upon. All these proposal’s present Milton’s views about the balance of good and evil, as well as his theological beliefs. The first proposal is rejected because open warfare between Heaven and Hell would be ineffective as Heaven and righteousness will always conquer evil. Belial’s proposal is dismissed because the fallen angels would never be forgiven by God because evil will never go away, thus, the fallen angels will always exist. Finally, as Mammon suggests, there will never be peace between Heaven and Hell because Hell will never match up to Heaven’s greatness, and although Hell will always exist, it will always be under God’s control. The reason Beelzebub’s proposal is agreed upon is because Milton believes that Earth, and therefore Mankind, is the neutral, middle-ground between Heaven and Hell, Angels and Devils, as well as good and evil. It therefore serves as an effective battleground for good and evil forces on earth, as well as in the souls and consciences of mankind. The effect of these comparisons gives us further insight into the beliefs of the philosophical and theological elements in Milton’s time period, as well as the relative forces of good and evil, and how they effect the lives of mankind. In conclusion, there are various ways that Milton uses comparison in Paradise Lost, which each have different effects that range from the introduction of multiple interpretations, to simply extending our understanding of the story through vivid imagery. The comparisons that Milton uses are so complex that they are all connected in some way or other, and this alone gives us an even deeper understanding of the theological and philosophical messages conveyed in the poem. Ultimately, Milton’s intension was to tell the story of Man’s fall, and with his comparisons, he has managed to do much more than just that.

Explain why effective communicating in developing positive relationships is important Essay

Explain why effective communicating in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults is important Effective communication is important with children because it helps them to feel valued. It shows them that their interests and opinions are listened to. When we listen and communicate with children, this gives them more self-confidence and it also helps to increase their self-esteem, both of these being so important for their future. The child we are communicating with needs to feel at ease and be given the opportunity to communicate back with comfort and confidence. Children need to have role models, they need to understand that these people eg.teachers , classroom assistants or school principles must be listened too, respected and obeyed. Communicating clearly with children (either giving orders or simply praising them) helps to establish this, and in return, hopefully you will built trust and respect. This is vital if a child needs to confide in us regarding aspects of their life which may be troubling them. Eg bullying, family life or maybe having negative feeling. As children slowly learn how to respect you, it should help to develop how they communicate with others. It allows them to develop and reach their maximum potential as they learn how to exchange information. Relationship problems can develop when there is a lack of communication, or don’t have the skills to communicate effectively. These skills include:  good listening skills  using the word â€Å"I† eg I would like you to tell me †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. using the child’s name – this makes things more personal  speaking in an even tone  using short sentences  giving short and clear instructions  open body language We can communicate in different ways: -The way we speak – tone of voice, clarity etc -Gestures – pointing, hand movements etc -Body language – arms folded etc -Facial expressions – angry, smiling etx Effective communication is important for the smooth running of any situation.

Burial in different cultures (

Burial in different cultures ( Burial in Mythology Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in amultitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead canprovide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practicesand myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received fromTimothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital informationregarding the transition into another life.Regarding the burial practicesof Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis ofproper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricateprocess known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved processspanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs wereremoved with one exception, the h eart.Egyptian VIf the body was not already West ofthe Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying processwas initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of theNile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of thesubstance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint thebody with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthyenough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremoniesto ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of aspecial funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure asuccessful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heartdid not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess...

Conservative, Liberal & Radical approach towards Poverty essays

Conservative, Liberal & Radical approach towards Poverty essays In this paper, I will create an argument towards conservative and liberal approach of poverty, while supporting the radical approach. I will start with the facts about the U.S. poverty. Americans living in poverty have increased significantly. The gap between the rich and the poor is continuously increasing. Race, region, class are some of the important factors that should be taken into consideration when determining who are poor. The Census Bureau report included the following findings: Poverty rate for minorities, Blacks, Hispanics, Asian Americans is continuously increasing. The rate in the south rose to 13.5 percent, from 12.8 percent in 2000. The South is the home to more than 40 percent of all the nations poor. The poverty rate for the suburbs rose to 8.2 percent lasts year from 7.8 percent in 2000. The number of people in suburban area rose by 700,000 to 12 million (RCG, page 288). Who are poor? What causes poverty? What are the solutions? Taking a conservative position to these questions focus will be on the urban class people and the reasons for poverty would be culture of poverty that is, lack of work ethics, female headed households, poverty programs and the government programs. The solutions would be eliminating anti-poverty programs, faith based initiatives, government policies that promote marriage and work. Taking a liberal position to above questions, again the focus will be on urban class and culture of poverty. Poverty is caused by lack of jobs in the post-Fordism economy due the decline of manufacturing jobs and tremendous increase in the service sector jobs. Manufacturing jobs are being outsourced and on the other side people do not have necessary skills or the education for the service industry jobs. The solutions for eradicating poverty taking a liberal position would be more use of macro economic policies, supporting employment through trainin g, child care support and universal...

6 Excellent Cover Letter Samples for Jobs

6 Excellent Cover Letter Samples for Jobs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Just like no two snowflakes are alike, neither should anytwo cover letters look the same. Even if you're applying to lots of jobs, you should make sure each of your cover letters is unique and tailored to the target job. Of course, no one’s born knowing how to write the perfect cover letter. To help you write yours, this guide has sixfree samples of cover letters for various jobs. Scroll down to the middle of the article for the cover letter samples, or first check outthese tips for writing a cover letterfor your job application! Why Are Cover Letters Important? In many cases, your cover letter represents your first communication with your potential employer. Through the written word, you communicate your interest in the new job and make your case for why you’d be the best person for the role. The job market's always competitive, but a stand-out cover letter can differentiate you from other candidates. It can also help personalize your candidacy beyond your resume. Remember, everyone's human here. While cover letters range in tone from formal to conversational, the best ones manage to connect with their readers. Hiring managers often sort through applications quickly, deciding in just a few minutes who moves on to an interview and who gets a disappointing email that begins with, â€Å"Unfortunately†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - or worse, gets no response at all! As the applicant, your mission is to send a cover letter that gets you noticed and leaves an impression of competence, professionalism, and cultural fit. So how exactly can you fulfillthis mission? One way is to make sure your cover letter contains a few key features. Read on for the four most important characteristics of greatcover letters! What Should Your Cover Letter Include? 4 Main Features There are several components that go into a great cover letter. To start this guide, we’ve picked out four of the most important ones to guide your writing. Your letter should do all of the following. 1. It Should Reflect the Job Description Perhaps this goes without saying, but your cover letter should be customized to the job for which you’re applying. Don’t send a generic letter that could apply to lots of different companies. Beyond simply inserting the organization name and job title, your letter should be a special snowflake, truly customized to the organizationand its available role. Don't just show you want a job. Show you wantthat specific job. The first step in making this happen is deconstructing the job description. Read its requirements closely, and do research into the organization and the industry as a whole. Figure out what qualities they seek andany problems, sometimes referred to as "pain points," that they need solved. Make sure that you reflect this understanding in your letter. Once you have thorough knowledge of the job description, you can analyze your skill set in relation to it. Rather than talking about what you’re looking for, explain why your skills and experiences make you a good match for the organization or company. Even if you don't have directly related experience, you can show how your skills would transfer to the role. Explain how you could contribute and bring value to the team. This focus will show the hiring manager(s) that you did your research on the organization and are being thoughtful about your application. By confidently detailing the reasons you’d make a good fit, you can convince your reader of the same. The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Make sure your cover letter stays on track! 2. It Should Give Specific Examples Another good practice for cover letters is to include specific examples of your professional qualifications and achievements. Rather than solely re-listing the points on your resume, you might expand on them with an example of a past success. Using data, if relevant, is also a powerful way to quantify your accomplishments. For instance, a marketing manager might describe the specific growth of her company’s online readership. She couldwrite a sentence or two about a particular campaign that met or exceeded its goals. A school counselor, to give a second example, might mention a student she worked with and that student’s progressover the year. As you read the sample cover letters, take note of how they contain specific examples of the applicant’s work. 3. It Should Communicate Enthusiasm As a whole, your letter should convey a sense of enthusiasm for the new job and organization. Simply customizing your letter, as discussed in the first point, will show that you were interested enough in the opportunity to do lots of research. Beyond producing a well-crafted letter, you should incorporate phrases like, â€Å"I was pleased to find your posting for" and â€Å"I was excited to see this opportunity with your organization.† Show that you're eager to engagein conversation about the position and what you can contribute. Use positive language to show howexcited you are about the opportunity. 4. It Should Be Readable, Clear, and Concise Your cover letter's not the time to write a long-form narrative about everything you’ve ever done or ever hope to do. Instead, it should be concise and to the point.Cover letters should be a little less than a page, soyou want to choose each word carefully and stay on topic. Even if you don’t consider yourself a strong writer, you can still definitely produce a strong cover letter. If you find yourself rambling in your first draft, you can pare it down to its leanest form in the editing. Your cover letter should communicate the essentials so that the hiring manager can gain a sense of your qualifications with just a brief skim. To gain a sense of how to do this effectively, check out the cover letter samples below and see how the candidates advocate for themselves via the written word. Feel free to take a close look at these sample cover letters to guide your own writing. Cover Letters: 6 Great Samples and Analyses Now that you have a sense of what makes a strong cover letter, click on the links below forsix samples of cover letters for jobs,each followed by a breakdown of what itdoes well. Some of the prospective jobs include English Teacher, Assistant Restaurant Manager, and Customer Experience Representative.Even if the job you're applying for is totally different than the ones below, you can still use the basic structure and content to guide your thinking. Before you start reading the samples, a quick note on format. You'll notice that each one includes contact informationat the top, as well as the date. This traditional format is good for hard copies or cover letters sent as Word document attachments. If you're pasting your cover letter directly into the body of your email or into a text box on an application portal, then you can leave off this traditional formatting and start with the salutation. You'll find a few more tips on how to format your cover letter below, but first, the samples! Cover Letter Sample for English Teacher Position Cover Letter Sample for Marketing Manager Job Cover Letter Sample for Editorial Assistant Role Cover Letter Sample for Assistant Restaurant Manager Cover Letter Sample for Content EditorPosition Cover Letter Sample for Customer Experience Representative Once you have a sense of what goes into a good cover letter, scroll down for a few more tips on formatting your letter and making it stand out from the competition! If possible, try to address your cover letter to a specific person.Not allpositions publicizea point person, but I know of a little search tool that might help... Writing a Cover Letter: Final Tips In addition to the four key features that you read about at the beginning of this guide, you should pay special attention to a few other pieces of your cover letter.Some pieces to think about are the employer's application instructions, as well as your cover letter's format, salutation, overall focus, and conclusion. Let's consider each one, starting with the instructions. Follow the Application Instructions Just as you should research the position and industry before writing your cover letter, you should also make sure to acquaint yourself with any and all application instructions. Many positions will tell you how and when to send your materials, and they might give special guidelines like a word limit or specific question they want you to answer. One important reason to follow application instructions is that they might shape what your cover letter looks like. If you're pasting it into the body of an email or a text box, then you can cut to the chase and start right in. If you're sending it as a Word attachment or a hard copy (rare), then you could add headers and use a traditional form. Check out more tips on format in the next section, but make sure to prioritize any application instructions first and foremost as you prepare your materials! Consider WhatFormat to Use As you just read, theformat you usedepends on how you're sending your cover letter, whether as a hard copy / Word attachment or pasted directly into the body of your email. If you're typing your cover letter in the body of an email or a text box on a job application portal, then you typically don't need to add any headers. You can just start right in with the salutation. Considering lots of jobs use their own application websites or ask for an email, starting right in with a "Dear Hiring Manager" is pretty common. If you're sending a hard copy or attaching the letter as a Word document, then you mightinclude the more traditional format you see reflected in the samples. You'd puta header on top with your name, address, email, and phone number. You couldmatch the header on your cover letter with the header on your resume to give your whole application a cohesive look. Beneath this header, you'd add the date and the contact information of the hiring manager. If you didn't know the specific person, you could just put the name of the company and its address. The date and company information would be lined up with the left hand margin. Overall, the letter maybe four to five paragraphs: an introduction, two to three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Then you’ll add â€Å"Sincerely† and print your name. You might add your phone number and email beneath your printed name if they’re not already presentelsewhere. For a full overview of the structure of your cover letter, check out our fullcover letter templatecover letter template! Address a Specific Person While it won't always be possible, you should try your best toaddress a specific person.If the job doesn't indicate a specific point person, try to do some research on the company's website and LinkedIn. If you can't find a particular person, you might make your audience a little more specific by indicating the position in your salutation. For instance, you could write "Dear Editorial Hiring Manager" or "Dear Marketing Manager Search Committee." If that doesn't apply, then you could simply write "Dear Hiring Manager" or "Dear Hiring Professional." You should probably avoid the generic and distant "To Whom It May Concern" (and definitely steer clear of the antiquated "Dear Sirs"). Stay On Topic Cover letters typically shouldn’t exceed one page, meaning you need to pack a punch in just a few words. Besides editing for clarity and keeping your sentences short and to the point, you should also make sure your letter stays on topic throughout. You don’t have to address everything on your resume. Just choose the most important skills and qualifications as they relate to the new job. In terms of the flow of ideas, you should order your points according to how relevant they are to the prospective position. If something feels off topic, then cut it out. Generally, your letter will just get stronger through decisive revision. Finish Up Strong There's some debate out there about the best way to finish up a cover letter. Some hiring managers suggest that you should do everything you can to pursue the position, even stating that you'll follow up in a week to discuss the position or arrange a meeting. Other managers, though, say that this kind of language comes off as aggressive and pushy. They say you should thank them for their time and then wait to hear about next steps. The path you choose largely depends on the type of job and industry you're applying for. A sales professional may show her initiative and communication skills with a follow-up call. Someone in the publishing world, though, maybe turned off by this language. Above all, make sure to follow any application instructions. If a job says "no calls," then you should respect that. And if you do decide to state your intentions to follow up, make sure you do actually follow up when you said you would! Your conclusion is your last chance to express your enthusiasm for a position and leave a lastingimpression. Be thoughtful about how you finish your letter, and make sure to thank the hiring manager and be clear about how and when she can contact you. In closing, let’s go over the key points to remember as you go forth and draft your own cover letters. The search committee's super impressed with your cover letter. They'd loveto invite you in for an interview. To Sum Up†¦ Writing a cover letter can feel like a tall assignment, but it’s also an opportunity for you to advocate for yourself in a powerful way. In your cover letter, you can prove to the hiring manager that you understand what she’s looking for and are the best person for the job. Your cover letter's often your first impression, so put in the effort to make it professional and enthusiastic. Spend some time deconstructing the job description and analyzing how your skills, knowledge, and qualifications match up. Then present your skills in a clear and concise wayand show that you feel passionate about the prospective position. In the end, your cover letter can differentiate you from the pool of other applicants and land you an interview for your dream job! What’s Next? Another key part of the job search is your letters of recommendation. Check out our comprehensive guide on recommendation letters, along with nine free samples of reference letters. Do you have to write a recommendation letter for an employee, coworker, or friend? This recommendation letter template guides you through the writing process, step by step. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Reflection paper about hoe to slingshot, the history of drug race Essay

Reflection paper about hoe to slingshot, the history of drug race - Essay Example However, the video presents a remarkable history on how drag racing evolved to become one of the most adored motor sports in the world. Starting from the streets, drag racing began as a passionate duel for a few people. What actually made the sport fun is that there were no other comparable motor competitions at the time. This arguably made it difficult for the pioneers because they were developing a sport from scratch. Nevertheless, the passion, dedication, and the desire to make the sport better revolutionized drag racing. The video draws interesting insight on how drag racing sport tapped from the inventions of the time. For instance, the sport began at a time when time machines were developing. In the initial competitions, the winner was determined by finishing at the front. However, the invention of time machines saw a significant shift of drag racing into a timed trial event. It can be argued that the founders of drag racing were indeed opportunistic considering the way they were taking advantage of inventions of the time. Whereas globalization has enabled modern sporting industry to tap from inventions across the globe, pioneers of drag racing deserve credit since globalization at their time was still in its infancy. The history of drag racing is an epic example of self-determination. It is easy for the modern generation sport enthusiasts to enter into sport of their desire because everything has already been made up. However, the history of drag racing represents a generation that was purely driven by self-determination. Since 1940 when the sport arguably began, there were no defined sporting structures, rules, safety guidelines, infrastructure, or sponsorships. Most often, the participants used their own money and resources to make it happen. More importantly, the inventors sacrificed their own lives and spent significant amount of time away from their families. Their

Psychology (body satisfaction) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology (body satisfaction) - Essay Example Additionally, it increases to a greater extent when in the presence of physically unfit peers. It is the goal of this research study to test this notion. In so doing, the research will utilize pictures of physically fit and physically unfit individuals. The Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS) will be administered to determine if the viewing of these pictures affected the participant's body satisfaction. The participants in this study will be 120 working adult males and females who will volunteer to participate. The questions raised for investigation in this study necessitated reaching a sample of subjects much more limited in availability than the undergraduate university student samples so often used in social psychological research of this nature. This requirement for subjects will raise some interesting sampling problems. Considering the financial constraints of this study, it was not possible to obtain a fully randomized sample from one geographical location, e.g. a specific community which would represent a cross-section of individuals from all educational and socio-economic backgrounds. At the same time convenience samples must be avoided. In light of these considerations the decision was made to limit the sample on an employment variable and include only working adults. This control for employment will enable the researcher to seek groups of individuals employed in a single facility as a source of volunteer subjects. The alternative, seeking volunteers from several small captive groups such as service clubs, associations, etc., holds the potential of increasing the risks of obtaining convenience samples and bias. The participants for this study will be obtained from two sources: The local university and the local shopping and the volunteers will not be paid or otherwise compensated. Measures Satisfaction or dissatisfaction with particular aspects of the body will be assessed using a revised version of the Body Cathexis Scale (BC) developed by Secord and Jourard (1953) and modified by Franzoi & Shields in 1984. The participants will be asked to evaluate each item on a five-point Likert scale ranging, from "1" (very dissatisfied) to "5" (very satisfied). Procedures Upon entering the study room, the volunteers will receive a BC survey, a cover letter explaining the study and an informed consent. For the purposes of conducting a randomized controlled trial, the study subjects will be randomly divided into three distinct groups-One control group and two experimental groups. The control group will consist of individuals who will be requested to complete the BC scale as modified by Franzoi & Shields (1984). One experimental group will be shown a slide show consisted of pictures of physically fit individuals of both gender and asked to complete the BC survey after viewing those pictures. The final experimental group will be shown a slide show consisting of pictures of physically unfit individuals and then asked to complete the survey. Upon completion of the surveys, the participants will be informed that they have a right to view the findings of the study and were given a website which will contain the study findings. In briefing the participants on the study, the researcher intends to utilize deception in the form of omission in order to ensure the accuracy of the reported results. As such, the study subjec

Answer 7 individual questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Answer 7 individual questions - Essay Example The individual cannot breakdown such proteins leading to their accumulation and final death of the host as the proteins demand for more space. Viroids contain RNA as the nucleic acid and have no protein coat. Their infection materializes in the company of viruses. A case example is the viroid, Hepatitis D usually evident in the caspid of the virus, Hepatitis B. Bacteria are ubiquitous and unlike viruses, they lack the membrane enclosing the DNA contained in their nucleus. This makes them reproduce quickly via binary fission, independent of other cells. Bacteria also adapt to new environments and replicate even faster to overwhelm the hosts immunity. Consequently, a disease is evident. Viruses in the lytic cycle attach their phage on the host cells using tail fibers. Their penetration occurs once the lysozyme cell wall opens up allowing the tail sheath to contract and enforce DNA and tail core inwards (Harvey, 2007). In this cycle, production of phage proteins and DNA transpires, followed by mellowing and assembly of phage particles prior to their release once the cell wall of lysozyme breaks. Lytic cycles lead to lysis and eventual death of host cell. Chemical bonding and signaling to produce enzymes regulate the process. Latent cycle also known as lysogeny and temperance marks a period of no virulent activity. In this case, prophage DNA may be integrated in the hosts nucleic acid inducing specialized transduction and phage conversion in the future (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2010). This results to a provirus that allows infected cells to function normally for some time. The cycle involves the production of repressor proteins, which in spontaneous occasions may fail, making the virus to enter the lytic cycle. Viruses act as co-carcinogens, in that they propagate cancer progression. In some cases, they cause cancer, though pathology results after a long time. It is said that 10% of

Cannell Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cannell Ltd - Case Study Example There is very little likelihood of profitability increasing in the near future, so either labour costs or materials costs will have to be cut back. Materials can be very hard to get at low prices, so Cannell would likely have to remain with its current suppliers. One area where Cannell could cut back is with its labour costs. But, to reduce its workforce could cause profitability to fall even further. The only way to decrease the percentage of labour costs is to increase labour productivity. This could be done in a number of different ways. One of the most common is by offering bonuses to employees who reach a certain level of output. This, in turn, encourages workers to increase their output so they can receive the benefits that Connell offers. Also, the company would benefit because input would remain the same but output would grow. If this occurred, then the company could possibly increase its profitability by reducing its prices and offering large sales. Once Connell Ltd’s profitability is high enough, the Connell Ltd can try to increase its output further by purchasing new machinery. One positive to this would be that labour costs would decrease compared to the total costs. However, if Connell Ltd is to increase labour productivity, then it will need to reduce its labour turnover of 11.4 percent. The problem with high labour turnover is that is takes new employees a while to get up to speed, and this reduces labour productivity. As long as the company is offering competitive wages and also providing employee benefits, then there is no reason to believe that this high labour turnover figure will remain high for too long. (b) The employees of any workforce are a large reason behind the success of a company. The case of Connell Ltd is no different—the manufacture of soaps, shampoos and other complimentary toiletries is a labour-intensive process. It is for this reason that the role of the employees is a huge determining factor in the success or failure of the company. I agree with the managing director in that the company should double its spending on training. A well-trained workforce can increase labour productivity and also produce goods at a faster rate. Because employees of Cannell Ltd work in teams, the collaboration among workers helps to either increase or decrease labour productivity. Training can take on many different meanings. Training about how to get along with fellow co-workers is perhaps just as important as learning new skills to perform a job. Increasing human capital can help Connell Ltd to match its larger competitors. Also, by training workers, they are more likely to enjoy their working environment because they will feel as though they are qualified to be employed by the company. One thing that Connell Ltd would have to watch out for is employees moving to a rival competitor after they have been trained by the company. Connell Ltd can help avoid this situation by (1) offering wages above the industry average; (2) Rewarding long-term employees through promotions and bonuses; and (3) only giving training appropriate to an employee’s stature in the business. As long as training costs do not get out of hand, then there is no reason why the company should

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 2 Session Long Project Essay

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 2 Session Long Project - Essay Example It is the company’s duty to inculcate such an environment in the company and practice such ethical behavior that employees have nothing bad to say about the company. Many companies, however, take the easier route, that is they coerce their employees to restrain from whistle blowing about the company. One such contract, where an employee was restrained from speaking anything bad about the company was offered Charles F. Frenette. The contract stated that the initial offer to him about a stock option will e forfeited if he is found disparaging or using bad words about the company. This was like stopping him from speaking what he wants or what he may want to speak in the future. And punishment levied on him for his freedom of expression would be forfeiting his monetary reward. As discussed before, you cannot force an employee to restrain from speaking and instead you should inculcate such policies with the company that it may never indulge in any wrongdoings and hence does not come under bad wording by its employees. Let’s now look at the issue under the two most important ethical frameworks of deontology and utilitarianism. Unitarianism is all about the good for the society. This principle states that every action should increase the goodness for the society in all cases. An action should only be taken if costs associated are less than the benefits attained from it. For example, if Coke’s decision to stop its employees from whistle blowing or from telling people about any wrong doing of the company, this action would bring upon people very negative effects and will save only the reputation of the company. In other words, the costs inflicted in the society might be very high as compared to the reputation of the Coca-Cola that will be protected from any controversy. Under this ethical framework, the clause added by the Coca-Cola Company is never justified. They are inflicting costs on the

Cannell Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cannell Ltd - Case Study Example There is very little likelihood of profitability increasing in the near future, so either labour costs or materials costs will have to be cut back. Materials can be very hard to get at low prices, so Cannell would likely have to remain with its current suppliers. One area where Cannell could cut back is with its labour costs. But, to reduce its workforce could cause profitability to fall even further. The only way to decrease the percentage of labour costs is to increase labour productivity. This could be done in a number of different ways. One of the most common is by offering bonuses to employees who reach a certain level of output. This, in turn, encourages workers to increase their output so they can receive the benefits that Connell offers. Also, the company would benefit because input would remain the same but output would grow. If this occurred, then the company could possibly increase its profitability by reducing its prices and offering large sales. Once Connell Ltd’s profitability is high enough, the Connell Ltd can try to increase its output further by purchasing new machinery. One positive to this would be that labour costs would decrease compared to the total costs. However, if Connell Ltd is to increase labour productivity, then it will need to reduce its labour turnover of 11.4 percent. The problem with high labour turnover is that is takes new employees a while to get up to speed, and this reduces labour productivity. As long as the company is offering competitive wages and also providing employee benefits, then there is no reason to believe that this high labour turnover figure will remain high for too long. (b) The employees of any workforce are a large reason behind the success of a company. The case of Connell Ltd is no different—the manufacture of soaps, shampoos and other complimentary toiletries is a labour-intensive process. It is for this reason that the role of the employees is a huge determining factor in the success or failure of the company. I agree with the managing director in that the company should double its spending on training. A well-trained workforce can increase labour productivity and also produce goods at a faster rate. Because employees of Cannell Ltd work in teams, the collaboration among workers helps to either increase or decrease labour productivity. Training can take on many different meanings. Training about how to get along with fellow co-workers is perhaps just as important as learning new skills to perform a job. Increasing human capital can help Connell Ltd to match its larger competitors. Also, by training workers, they are more likely to enjoy their working environment because they will feel as though they are qualified to be employed by the company. One thing that Connell Ltd would have to watch out for is employees moving to a rival competitor after they have been trained by the company. Connell Ltd can help avoid this situation by (1) offering wages above the industry average; (2) Rewarding long-term employees through promotions and bonuses; and (3) only giving training appropriate to an employee’s stature in the business. As long as training costs do not get out of hand, then there is no reason why the company should

Analysis case about death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis case about death - Essay Example Betty’s intention is for Polly to take the ecstasy tablets and hallucinate then hurt herself by falling over or something similar. Thus, there is specific intent of causing harm directly or indirectly. Beyond having the general intent to commit a crime, Betty had the intent to achieve a specific goal, which was to have Polly hurt herself. Actus reus is the physical component of a crime and is the result of voluntary body movements. This is what the accused physically does that harms another. Under the circumstances, actus reus was discharged immediately Betty did successfully put the ecstasy tablets into a paracetemol bubble pack which Chloe unknowingly took. The crime had been enabled; the only thing awaiting was someone getting hurt. It is immaterial that the targeted Polly did not hurt herself by falling over or die. This principle is known as transferred malice; the same malice that was to hurt Polly was the one that killed Chloe. In R v Latimer (1886) 17 QBD 359, where the facts are substantially similar, the accused struck a blow with his belt at Horace which recoiled off him and injured an innocent bystander. The defendant was convicted of maliciously wounding the victim, which he appealed on the ground that it was not his intention to hurt her. The court held that the conviction would be affirmed. The defendant had committed the actus reus of the offence with the necessary mens rea; that is, he had acted maliciously. There was no requirement in the relevant act that his mens rea should relate to a named victim. Thus, Latimers malice was transferred from his intended to his unintended victim. Therefore, given the facts of this case, Betty cannot escape liability just because her intent was to have Polly hurt instead of Chloe who ended up dying. However, since her intention was not to kill Chloe, the charges can be reduced from murder to manslaughter. Polly will not be criminally

Police Brutality, Have Times Really Changed Essay Example for Free

Police Brutality, Have Times Really Changed Essay The history of Police Brutality for minorities; especially people of color has left America wondering have times changed. Police brutality has deemed the opportunity for socioeconomic advancement or access to good and services for many Black/African Americans dating back as far as 1955. The system of Police brutality has affected many realms of society for minorities’ employment and family life. After some scholarly research, police brutality is still prevalent in the Black/African American community; moreover, it comes in many different forms and fashions. Police brutality is the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Excessive use of force is a means of force well beyond what would be necessary in order to handle a situation. This research seeks to understand the history of police brutality and how it continues to be prevalent; if not, more prevalent in presently than in the past. The history of police brutality dates back to slavery, encompasses the civil rights movement, and defines the growing accounts of modern situation in which Blacks/African Americans have been treated wrong by law enforcement. Elijah Anderson (2000) claims, â€Å"the idea of the race man goes back to the segregated Black/African American community, in fact all the way back to slaver† (Elijah Anderson, 2). Modern leaders like Jesse Jackson could be viewed as a race man; meaning, his help is deeply imbedded when he feels the Black/African American community has been treated unjust. As a leaders of the Black/African American community, there is always a time to become actively involved in the community, especial pertaining to police brutality. Secondly, Emmett Till is another example of police brutality, but in another form. Note, Emmett Till was not beaten by the police; however, his brutal beaten came from a group of white men in Money, Mississippi. I define this travesty as police brutality due to the milestone of social inequality that police brutality has fed off of. Bob Blauner (1992) reveals, â€Å"Chicagoan Emmett Till in Mississippi has been awakening to the end of social equality (Bob Blauner, 1). Instances such as the brutal killing of Emmett Till led to the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement was geared toward  helping not only Blacks/African American community, but helping America dismantle discrimination, segregation, lynching, double standards of laws and rules, police brutality and overall equality. The civil rights movement was filled with many acts of police brutality. For instance, a woman in Riverside, California was shot several times by law enforcement officers. They claim they were threaten by her, but had no idea this woman was engulfed in a diabetic coma. Legalized Cop Violence (1999) shares, â€Å"Dontae Dawson was sitting in his car and was ordered to raise his hands, when he did he fatally shot and killed the officer claims he thought the young man had a gun† The New York News, 12). The civil rights era proved that law enforcement officers did not serve the poor, the powerless or the un-influential. The legalized violence that was committed throughout the civil rights era has drastically changed; however, police brutality is still presently evident. For instance, officers of the law are servants of the state. They hold deeply to the interest of capital, wealth, and government to corporate figures. Currently, Black/African American leaders are still dealing with the vicious killing of two youth. These two particular situations has rocked the nation. First, Trayvon Martin, who was seventeen years old was walking from a community store in Sanford, Florida and was shoot to death at close range. No, he was not shot by the police; moreover, this situation has ignited once again racial inequality which is no stranger to police brutality. Although Trayvon Martin’s assassin was found not guilty, laws in the State of Florida allows citizens to stand they ground if they feel threaten. The 2014 State Statues of Florida 76.013 reveals, â€Å"home protection; use or threatened use of deadly force; presumption of fear of death or great bodily harm† is permitted. Despite the important racial progresss our society has made since Emmett Till’s death, from the civil rights era, to present increase of police brutality has still left the Black/African American community in shadows of segregation. The second most recent shooting of teenager Michael Brown has left citizens in ongoing battles with law enforcement officers of Ferguson, Missouri. New Statement (2014) reports, Missouri police similarly attempted to retain control of the narrative, claiming Brown had stolen cigars, and then paying for them, and then claiming he was a bad child and attacked the officer who shot him† (New Statement, 21). Brown autopsy reveals he was gun less and shot six  times. Police brutality is not solely about Ferguson, Emmett Till, or the civil rights movement, but it is simply about the history of capitalism and police brutality in America and having many forms of it. Which leads us to the question has times really changed are is police brutality still very surreal. Granted we talked mostly about Emmet Till, Trayvon Martin Michael Brown, and the civil rights these are not the only men or eras in time where police brutality has and still to this day is taking place. A few others who have suffered and died from police brutality include: Ezzel Ford who was mentally disabled and John Crawford III who was playing with a toy gun in the toy section of Wal-Mart. I know there are more people and time eras that have faced police brutality but these are just a few that are having a major impact on the world as we see it today. Which rises brings us to the question is Police Brutality the problem or as we as African America/ Blacks causing the problems and then when police are called to settle or solve the problem we over react or act as if we have done nothing wrong. Some cases in which police were called to a scene and they were hurt or out in danger include in July of 1920 five police were called to a home in New York to settle a dispute between two brothers where in return all five of the cops were injured, another time is in September of 1991 when three of duty officers in the state of New York were in a argument with a 18year old who in return pulled out a box cutting razor knife slashing one of the officers. Now I am not saying that because of these incidents this gives cops a reason to act the way that they do, but my question again is are we as African Americans/Blacks completely innocent or do we sometimes react to situations when cops are just doing their jobs that make them feel threatened so they have to kill. Yet there are more and better ways to deal with situations. Just like we the people should not always resort to violence and killing and committing black on black or white on white crime police need to and should follow the same rules of the world. Every man woman boy and girl should be treated how they would want to be treated. I’m sure the way police treat African Americans/Blacks when we commit crimes is not how they would want their family and or friends to be treated. There are some people who think that the way to downgrade police brutality is to adopt more white ways specifically the white perspective and to manifest intensively. Granted this is true; however, I do believe that just like us African Americans can  sometimes over react and over step our boundaries, I believe that cops have a bad habit of doing this as well. Yes your job as a police officer is to protect and serve the communities that you are in but moreover we are all humans and at this day in age no one is better than the next person no matter what race ethnicity sex or community you live in we are all said to be treated equal but are we treated as equals? If we were would there be so much police brutality and hostility toward police. Since the Trayvon Martin, and Michael Brown case I can see and understand why so many people have so much hate in their hearts. Although Trayvon Martin was not shot by a police officer he was shot by â€Å"a watchman of the area† Which in my opinion means if you are here to watch our neighborhood and protect us then he should of known \who Trayvon was he should have been tolerant t figure out if Trayvon was really a threat to the neighborhood or if he was just â€Å"overreacting and looking for somebody to shot† and the same with Michael Brown who was actually shot by police men were the jumping the gun and did not take the time to find out if he really was stealing or if there was a miscommunication which I believe that’s what it was. Which leaves us to the question with the belief that slavery has ended and that all people are equal; then why is that police have and continue to get away with the brutally killing of African Americans. Works Cited Abu-Jamal, M. (1999). Legalized Cop Violence. New York: The New York Amsterdam News. Anderson, E. (2000). Beyond the Melting Pot Reconsidering. International Migration Review , 1-7. Anderson, E. (2014). Emmett and Trayvon. Washington: The Washington Monthly. Blauner, B. (1992). Talking Past Each Other: The Black and White Language of Race. The American Prospect , 1-6. Edwards, B. (2014). 4 Dead Unarmed Men and the Police: What You Need to Know. The Root. Penny, L. (2014, August 20). Welcome to America, Where Police Shoot an Unarmered Black MAn Six Times-and then call him a Villain. New Statesman , pp. 22-28. Tucker, W. (1993, January). Is Police Brutality the Problem? Commentary , pp. 23-28.

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH or histiocytosis X) is the most common form of dendritic cell type of histiocytic disorders. LCH can be divided into three groups on the basis of the number of lesions and systems involved: the unifocal (localized) form, presents between 5 and 15 years of age, in approxi ­mately 70% of LCH cases, limited to a single bone or a few bones, and may involve the lung. Multiple bones as well as the reticuloendothelial system (i.e., the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and skin) involvement and diabetes insipidus are seen in multifocal unisystem (chronic re ­curring) form which constitutes approximately 20% of cases. Typi ­cally seen between 1 to 5 years of age. The fatal form is the multifocal multisystem (fulminant) form comprising ap ­proximately 10% of LCH cases. Seen in the first 2 years of life and it disseminately involves the reticuloendothelial system, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Schà ¼ller-Christian disease, and Letterer-Siwe disease are older names used when these were thought to be different diseases; these names should now be discouraged. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is characterised by uncontrolled monoclonal proliferation of abnormal Langerhans cells, which can infiltrate ubiquitously all the tissues or organs as well as lymph nodes. The histiocytic infiltration is followed by chronic inflammation and the formation of granulomas. Uncontrolled immune response activation is the most likely etiology by an as yet unknown antigen. Bone lesions are seen in approxi ­mately 80% of LCH patients. LCH has a predilection to involve the flat bones with skull being the most common flat bone involved, followed by the mandible, ribs, pelvis, and spine. Skull lesions can be either asymptom ­atic or manifest with focal pain and soft-tissue swelling in the scalp. â€Å"Punched-out† lytic lesions are seen in skull lesions seen on radiographs with asymmetric destruc ­tion of the inner and outer cortices, which results in a characteristic bevelled edge. Mastoid bone is the classical location when temporal bone is affected. Calvarial disease lacks periosteal reaction unlike other bone lesions. The term geographic skull is used when skull lesions grow in size and coalesce, creating a map like appearance. Vertebra plana (symmetric flattening of vertebral body) is seen with involvement of spine. Diaphyseal or metaphyseal involvement seen in long bones. â€Å"Floating teeth† is seen if there is enough alveolar d estruction. Other findings include hepatomegaly with solid or cystic lesions in liver. Lymphadenopathy with cervical predominance. MRI brain will reveal absence of posterior pituitary bright spot, and thickening of pituitary stalk if there is CNS involvement. Lung involvement shows centrilobular nodules or cysts of varying sizes, with mid- to upper-lung distribution and spar ­ing of costophrenic angles. Meyer et al conducted a study in 1995 in Philadelphia on 42 patients. 83% of the patients had at least one affected bone. All children with lesions of the skull base (Fig 1 ) and seven of eight with facial lesions (Fig 2) had bone destruction with associated soft-tissue masses. Calvaria 13 Intracranial soft tissue 4 Skull base/face 15 According to D’Ambrosio et al 2008, who did study on 100 patients in New York Ninety-six percent of the patients in this series had bone involvement. Fifty-eight of 96 patients (60%) had a solitary bone abnormality, and 38 patients (40%) had multiple lesions. By far, the most common bone involved in the series was the skull, affecting 52 of 96 patients (54%). In particular, the calvarium was affected in 45% of patients. Of the patients with calvarial involvement, the parietal bone was most commonly affected. The maxilla and/or maxillary sinus was affected in 8% of patients in the series. In the study done by Khatami et al 2010 in Iran on 48 patients, 38 of them (79.2%) had bone involvements; skull was involved the most (66.7%), followed by Pelvis (31.3%), Femur (31.3%), Sphenoid (30.0%) and ribs (16.7%), temporal bone in 4.2% Radiation Issue of CT Concerns about carcinogenicity of computed tomography radiation began in the early 2000s. In recent times many examination protocols and software and hardware modifications have been made to reduce CT radiation dose. The definite risk of radiation exposure is not quantified. So, it is better to follow the principle of As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). This can be achieved by ensuring that the examination is clinically indicated and by keeping the radiation dose to the minimum with the help of technical advances as described below126. Tube current modulation is a very useful tool to control patient exposure with CT examinations. In this technique the scanner will produce less number of x-ray photons in regions of lower attenuation and higher values of tube current in regions of increased attenuation. This is of two types: Angular modulation and z-axis modulation. In angular modulation differences in attenuation in x-y plane is measured with the help of two localisers (lateral and anteroposterior views) and the tube current is modulated accordingly during rotation. In z-axis modulation the attenuation differences along the length of the patient are calculated with a single anteroposterior localiser and the tube current is modulated. The z-axis organ based tube current modulation is as much or more effective than thyroid and eye shields at reducing radiation, without the regional image noise caused by shields. Newer reconstruction technique called iterative reconstruction significantly reduces the patient dose. In this the initial projected image is iteratively compared with the model image of the vendor. Then the algorithm intelligently decreases the noise in the image. There by a noise less image can be obtained even with a low dose CT. But this technique is more time consuming than the conventional filtered back projection technique. With the newer development of hybrid iterative reconstruction which uses both the above techniques, the speed has been considerably increased. Accurate patient centering can also decrease the patient radiation. Other techniques such as optimization of tube potential, beam-shaping filters also make a significant contribution to dose reduction. Newer developments which hold promise to reduce the radiation dose in the future are compressed sensing, volume of interest and interior tomography techniques, and photon-counting detectors127-136. Low dose MDCT of PNS can be done by reducing the mAs. This is the most effective way of reducing patient exposure. The effective dose delivered by a standard dose MDCT protocol is 0.70 mSv in men and 0.76 mSv in women, whereas the effective dose delivered by a low dose MDCT protocol is 0.047 mSv in men and 0.051 mSv in women which is equivalent to standard four view radiography of PNS. Low dose CT can be used for the follow up of patients with chronic sinusitis and in tumors where the presence of soft tissue mass or bone destruction is used for follow up18.

Tennessee WIlliams :: essays research papers fc

IT is "OUT OF REGRET FOR A SOUTH that no longer exists that I write of the forces that have destroyed it," Tennessee Williams explained. This also seems to be the case for Kenneth Holditch and Richard Freeman Leavitt, the authors of the beautiful biographical album Tennessee Williams and the South'2 Holditch and Leavitt's book is alive with nostalgia for a South that no longer exists: a culture of grace and ease, of cavalier behavior and stoic endurance, a place where the romantic imagination is alive and in perpetual struggle with the crude realism of modernity. According to the authors, this paradise lost was crucial to the dramatic imagination of Williams, but above all it seems to have inspired their own. Besides establishing Williams's intimate ties with the South and revealing the biographical material beyond the writer's fiction, the book relishes the perpetuation of Southern mythologies. The childhood of Thomas Lanier Williams III, who was born in Columbus, Mississippi, and raised in various other Southern locations, is described as nothing less than "a southern idyll," regardless of the father's evident alcoholism, frequent family quarrels, and the older sister's fragile health. However, these fundamental problems erupted suddenly and violently, so the authors insist, only with the family's move north to St. Louis. Notably, it is not the innate family situation that clouds Tom's otherwise sunny childhood, but his displacement to the North. And since "southerners . . . have deep roots in their own native soil and do not tend to forget the land that gave them birth," the young Tom could never feel at home in "the cold North." Rehearsing such cliches of a long-standing North-South dichotomy, the authors establish the South as a warm and comfortable haven, in which Williams apparently felt sheltered from personal and social conflicts. The alienation and conflicts of the North, in turn, trigger the transformation of the Southern past into a comforting myth: "His experiences, good and bad, served as a sort of magical catalyst to convert the past into a precious stone of memory, enriching it with a luster and magnificence it may never have possessed in reality." That this myth had little to do with the concrete reality of the South stands beyond question. But one wonders for whom the magical conversion of the past took place. After all, even in his dramatic imagination the South was never simply just a place of enduring gentility and romanticism to Williams, but it was also the site of very concrete and often cruel social, ethnic, and sexual conflicts.

Minority Marketing

There are various environmental factors that must be considered in the designing of the marketing strategy.   The microenvironment, as part of the company’s marketing environment, consists of factors that directly impact the company and its ability to serve.   The macroenvironment, on the other hand, includes the larger societal and cultural forces that affect the microenvironment (Multicultural Marketing). Another name for minority marketing is multicultural marketing, which entails communication with diverse cultures or market segments that belong to diverse backgrounds as well as settings.   Cultures determine how members of society think, feel, and act (Haralambos and Holborn, 1995).   Hence, culture also determines the tastes of people in products that they would actually purchase. As a matter of fact, cultural values of a society are reflected in the members’ views of organizations, products, services, and other environmental entities.   Therefore, it is essential for a company planning to market to minorities to gain an understanding of the culture of the minorities in question.   Only by understanding the culture and values of the minorities may the organization be able to provide its targeted consumers with the products and services they would eventually buy. Through advertising and public relations with segmented media, an organization may come into contact with any diverse group that it wants to target through its marketing strategy.   By placing an ad or article in the language of a minority group, the company may easily get its message across.   Experts indicate that it makes very good business sense to include the people of color, different age groups, genders, in addition to people with disabilities, in advertisements as  well as other marketing materials.   This strategy allows for powerful, nonverbal communication which goes deep into the mind of the consumer (Multicultural Marketing). It is also essential for organizations to take into account the meaning of differing cultural universes (Dr. Michael Hurd).   As an example, the American Motor Corporation named its product, the â€Å"Matador,† only to realize later that to Puerto Ricans, the word means â€Å"killer.†Ã‚   Another example revealing the significance of understanding cultural universes has to do with ethics. In this case, a 30-second advertising spot proved to be an expensive error on the part of Doubletree Hotels Corporation, seeing that it was deemed as offensive to the Arab community, portraying the staff of the hotel wearing Arab-style clothing and bowing to guests.   This ad segment was interpreted as the staff worshipping or imploring visitors.   As the majority of Arabs worship the one true God, the ad was seen to ridicule them (International Business Customs). Organizations cannot assume that all people of the nation would have the same cultural values.   Rather, it is ethical to take into account the societal and religious practices as well as beliefs of the people that the organization targets in its marketing strategy as potential customers.   After all, the marketing mix is meant to satisfy customers.   Therefore, it is of the essence for the organization to analyze the what, where, when, and how of consumer behavior.   The social factor is very important in the consumer’s decision to make a purchase.   This factor is influenced by opinion leaders, the consumer’s family, reference groups, culture and social class. Understanding different cultures helps an organization to produce that which a particular market segment demands.   Given that Chinese Americans have a strong preference for communicating in their native language, a company that wants to target Chinese Americans may  want to write the name of its product on marketing literature in both English and Chinese.   According to research, the Hispanics too have a preference to communicate in their own language.   Sixty eight percent of Hispanics in Houston indicated that they prefer to watch Spanish language television.   Hence, an organization that wants to target Hispanic Americans may want to spend more of its marketing funds on ads that would be run on Spanish language television (Qaddumi, 1999). Back in 1998, research further revealed that given the Chinese emphasis on new technology, at least 72.1% of Chinese American families have access to computes and at least 53% have access to the Internet.   Hence, it is easy to target Chinese American consumers through Internet marketing (Chinese American, 1998).   What is more, a majority of Hispanic Americans indicated that food coupons had a great influence on their purchasing decisions. Once again, marketing research based on minorities as the target consumers of an organization, can work wonders for the organization.   Every minority group has differing needs with relevance to its cultural practices.   An organization that includes ethical considerations with special reference to minority groups, is more likely to satisfy its target consumers with its marketing approach, seeing that this organization is not bound to ridicule its consumers instead of pleasing them. One very successful organization targeting minorities through its media campaigns is Southwest Airlines.   The fourth largest major airline in the United States especially targets African Americans as well as Hispanics.   The result? – Today, Southwest Airlines is a model organization that everybody would like to study in terms of marketing strategy. References â€Å"Chinese American Social Behavior Index.† (1998, Jan 24). Asian Trends. Online. Internet. 26 Jul. 2001. Churchill, Richard. (2001, April 2). â€Å"Southwest Airlines Powering a Sales Liftoff – Southwest Airlines Co. advertising targets African-Americans.† Brandweek. â€Å"Dr. Michael Hurd on Effective Therapy.† Dr. Hurd’s Website. Online. Internet. 25 Jul. 2001. Haralambos, Michael, and Holborn, Martin. (1995). Sociology—Themes and Perspectives. 4th ed. London: Collins Educational. â€Å"International Business Customs† Eglobal Greetings. Online. Internet. 21 Jun. 2001. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Multicultural Marketing.† About the Human Internet. Online. Internet. 25 Jul. 2001. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qaddumi, Thora. (1999, September 15). â€Å"’Impact’: Houston Hispanic market is ripe for Marketing.† Houston Business Journal. Online. Internet. 25 Jul. 2001.

Coso and Basel

Financial Collapses and Regulations New England College of Business In an era of risky investments and failed financial institutions, additional importance is being placed on businesses implementing Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) plans. ERM is defined by the Institute of Internal Auditors (2012) as an approach designed to â€Å"identify, quantify, respond to, and monitor the consequences of potential events implemented by management. † Without an ERM plan, transparency to shareholders and internal accountability are nearly impossible to achieve.COSO and Basel are both reactive frameworks to increased regulatory changes that forced institutions to show more transparency to their financial reporting, in order to manage operational risks, mitigate the likelihood of a collapse, and ensure stability in volatile market conditions (Farnan 2004; Balin 2008); these measures increase confidence in investors. This comparative analysis of COSO and Basel seeks to indentify common measure s that are necessary to form a functional ERM plan, the most important being the accountability of management and its communication with the Board (The New Basel Accord 2003).A Comparative Analysis of ERM Guidelines: COSO I/II and Basel I/II Introduction Due to the epidemic of failed financial systems seen over the past decade, agencies and private organizations (e. g. , Securities and Exchange Commission, NICE, etc. ) have set in place guidelines for the standardization of reporting and evaluating risk in an effort to eliminate â€Å"surprise† collapses in the future (NICE Systems Ltd. 2012).Alexander Campbell, Editor, Operational Risk & Regulation, states that â€Å"regulatory approaches are changing† and requiring companies to streamline processes for monitoring internal risks at a company, such as fraud (NICE Systems Ltd. 2012). Common goals of organizing committees trying to tackle regulatory challenges are to improve communication between the board and management , increase shareholders' confidence, and most importantly, for entities to thoroughly evaluate their liquidity so that in the event of a crisis, investors' assets are secured (Bressac 2005; Decamps,Rochet, & Roger 2003). This comparative analysis of COSO and Basel identifies the standards these documents set for institutions to maintain an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) plan, as well as the affects these documents' shortcomings and constraints have on entities which apply either COSO or Basel. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is defined by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) (2012) as an approach designed to â€Å"identify, quantify, respond to, and monitor the consequences of potential events implemented by management. It is important for all parties affiliated with an institution's ERM plan to clearly identify and understand the events that impact a company's value in order for the entity to achieve its objectives (IIA 2012). The frameworks COSO and Basel both attempt to b e reactive solutions to public events in which lack of an adequate ERM plan has contributed to a collapse of a major institution or market which had a detrimental affect on the public (Farnan 2004; Lall 2009).Both documents have been explored by many key opinion leaders in the financial industry, and while each provides a set of guidelines for developing successful ERM protocols, each also fails to be foolproof. Shaw (2006) provides the argument that â€Å"while the COSO standard was groundbreaking at the time, it was not meant to be a marking guide for controls. † Moreover, in regards to Pillar 3 of the Basel Accord which depicts methods of Value-At-Risk (VAR) calculations, Standard and Poor's noted that although these VAR methods â€Å"appear to offer mathematical precision†¦they are not a magic bullet† (Lall 2009).COSO and Basel can be seen as â€Å"a significant step forward† for the times (Saurina and Persaud 2008). Basel In 1974, the Basel Committee o f Banking Supervision (BCBS) was created (consisting of the G10 plus Luxembourg and Spain) in light of the challenges from an increasingly internationalized banking system (Lall 2009). In the 1980s, it became clear (post-Latin America Debt Crisis, 1982) that a process was needed regulate the international banking system to mitigate risk and manage losses (Lall 2009).The first Basel Accord and Basel II, referred to as â€Å"Basel,† is a method of risk management, specifically for financial institutions operating on a multi-national level, that sets minimum capital requirements (â€Å"8% of adjusted assets† (Decamps, Rochet, & Roger 2003)) that these institutions must uphold to minimize the risk of a collapse in the international banking system (Lamy 2006).Basel I, the first international accord on bank capital was established in 1988, by the BCBS (Finance & Development 2008), with the goal to â€Å"arrive at significantly more risk-sensitive capital requirements† with the primary objective in line with ensuring stability in the international banking system (Lamy 2006). In 2004, Basel II was introduced, with amendments in response to the Quantitative Impact Study, QIS 3, (published in May 2003), an increase in the amount of capital banks must set aside for â€Å"high-risk exposures,† and changes from feedback from banks on Basel I (Finance & Development 2008; Lamy 2006).The Basel framework is focused on three â€Å"pillars†: â€Å"a minimum capital adequacy requirement, supervisory review, and market discipline† (Decamps, Rochet, & Roger 2003). Basel I was highly criticized for having a â€Å"one size fits all† approach to formulating institutions' risk-weighted assets (with insensitivity to emerging countries), in addition to unrealistic capital requirements that discouraged even reasonable risk taking (Kaufman 2003). In response to these critiques, BCSB began to draft Basel II, in which the amendments to Pillar I (310 out of ~350 pages of the document (Balin 2008)) were most notable.Balin (2008) describes the â€Å"menu† of various options that Basel II encompasses for Pillar I, which allow institutions to choose the most suitable options dependent on a series of factors (i. e. , size, rating, etc. ). The minimum capital requirement pillar focuses on the least amount of capital a bank must maintain to be protected from credit, operational, and market risks (Ahmed and Khalidi 2007). In Basel II, the highly critiqued credit risk requirements were modified to decrease the â€Å"one size fits all† stigma of Basel I (Kaufman 2003).Additionally, Basel II takes into account loopholes found in Basel I that enabled banks to maintain their desired level of risk â€Å"while cosmetically assuaging to minimum capital adequacy requirements,† which was done mainly through a transfer of assets to holding companies and subsidiaries (Balin 2008). Similar to COSO framework, the first pil lar of Basel seeks to unite various types of risks into an overall evaluation of capital requirements to safeguard shareholders and investors. Pillar 2, theSupervisory Review, is meant to â€Å"insure that banks have adequate capital to support all the risks in their business† including, but not limited to, the calculations in Pillar 1 (Kaufman 2003). This Pillar clearly defines of obligations of supervisory oversight against extreme risk taking; of note in this Pillar is line 680, which states: â€Å"Supervisors are expected to evaluate how well banks are assessing their capital needs relative to their risks and to intervene, where appropriate.This interaction is intended to foster an active dialogue between banks and supervisors such that when deficiencies are identified, prompt and decisive action can be taken to reduce risk or restore capital† (The New Basel Capital Accord 2003). The four principles of Pillar 2 seek to hold the supervisors responsible for implicati ng processes, reviewing, setting expectations, and intervening when warranted in regard to management of capital risks (The New Basel Capital Accord 2003). Pillar 3 seeks to protect against changes in asset prices (market risk) (Balin 2008), which is an addition to the credit risk factors of Basel I.Using the Value-At-Risk (VAR) model, banks were able to determine the probability of a portfolio's value decreasing by more than a set amount over a given time period (Lall 2009). Critics of the VAR model, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), claim that it fails to account for â€Å"extreme market events† and assumes that the â€Å"processes generating market events were stable† (Lall 2009). COSO In July 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was passed with the goals of increasing investor and public confidence â€Å"in the post-Enron era† and increasing management accountability, among others (Farnan 2004).Section 404 of SOX states that effective for some lar ge companies, beginning December 31, 2004, a â€Å"separate management report on internal control effectiveness and audit by the organization's external financial statement auditor† is required (Farnan 2004). COSO's framework lays out a path for developing efficient operations and regulatory compliance methods, and has been established as the framework recommended by agencies such as the SEC for public companies to base their financial reporting on (Farnan 2004).The Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commissions (COSO) is comprised of five private organizations in the financial industry (COSO Web site 2012). The COSO organization was established in 1995 with the mission to â€Å"provide thought leadership through the development of comprehensive frameworks and guidance on enterprise risk management, internal control and fraud deterrence,† and attempts to enhance success and leadership, and minimize fraud in company reporting (COSO Web site 2012).Since its establishment, COSO has published frameworks â€Å"aimed at helping publicly traded companies cope with tough new monitoring requirements mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act† (Shaw 2006), and to help businesses manage risk, by looking at business units as an entire entity, designed to improve organizational performance and governance and to reduce the extent of fraud in organization (COSO Web site 2012).The COSO framework is a cube comprised of four (three in COSO I) company objectives perpendicular to eight (five in COSO I) factors that together form a risk assessment program for which companies can reduce risks by realizing the amount of capital needed for consequences (Bressac 2005). Similar to Basel, COSO dictates that â€Å"the board is responsible for overseeing management's design and operation of ERM† (Bressac 2005).One factor that COSO framework includes is the measurement of a company's risk appetite, â€Å"the amount of risk, on a broad level, an entity is willing to accept in pursuit of value† (Rittenberg and Martens 2012). Many objectives that management sets for their company (i. e. , increase market share, win competitive tenders) include a substantial amount of risk, and COSO's strategic decision-making framework allows managers to present the objectives in relation to appetite to the Board for approval (Rittenberg and Martens 2012).Conclusions Both COSO and Basel were drawn to effectively respond to new implications (Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Shaw 2006) and new laws capital requirements for banks (Lamy 2006), respectively), and each have principles that can help institutions manage ERM more effectively. For example, The New Basel Capital Accord (2003) clearly articulates that setting a minimum amount of available capital resources is â€Å"a vital element of the strategic planning process,† and the three pillars devise a plan to do this.Bressec (2005) claims that COSO II framework articulates a way for managers to eff ectively deal with the events that create uncertainty for entities and create responses to minimize potential losses. COSO and Basel were both released in the infancy stage and flawed. Samad-Khan (2005) observed that COSO's creditability is diminished because consequences are predicted to occur much more frequently than had been historically recorded in the past.Supporters acknowledge that Basel II has â€Å"arcane† ideas, but defend that â€Å"it's still a step in the right direction because it increases financial oversight and makes sure banks won't be doomed by crises of confidence† (Coy 2008). It is important to note that while COSO and Basel offer much protection against quantitative risk assessments, they must be coupled with the knowledge and insight of senior risk managements to be most efficient (Lall 2009; Samad-Khan 2005).Moreover, both COSO and Basel also provide constraints that limit the amount of risks institutions can endure, sometimes excessively. Pall (2009) discusses one failure in Basel II as the ability for developed-nation banks to skew their reports to their desired results, â€Å"at the expense of their smaller and emerging market competitors and, above all, systemic financial stability. † Samad-Khan (2005) emphasizes that historical data is still the most reliable way for companies to determine the probability for risk to occur.Start-ups will not have this historical data, therefore may overestimate their probability of risk using the â€Å"likelihood x impact = risk† calculation (Samad-Khan 2005) and miss out on potentially positive opportunities. Others against the provisions claim that both documents (e. g. , Basel in the Emerging markets) implement concessions that constrain potential growth by overcompensating for potential consequences and depleting lending capital for banks, which in the 1930s contributed to the Great Depression (Coy 2008). Historical events depict the need for more stringent regulato ry guidelines in this era of financial market uncertainty.The most important common factor of Basel and COSO are that each clearly states that it is management's responsibility to have a functional ERM plan in place, and be in communication with the Board about potential risks that the company faces (Bressec 2005; The New Basel Capital Accord 2003). Holding management accountable for the risks the business takes, while making sure that the Board is in agreement with management's plan creates a necessary harmony of a checks and balances system, in turn creating a â€Å"safer† landscape for shareholders and the public to place faith in. When properly executed,